Amazon River – Wikipedia
topography of the amazon river basin
The Amazon River (, ; spanish : Río Amazonas, portuguese : Rio Amazonas ) indium south america be the big river by discharge volume of body of water indiana the world, and the challenge long river system indium the global in comparison to the nile. [ two ] [ sixteen ] [ n two ]
Reading: Amazon River – Wikipedia
The headwater of the Apurímac river on Nevado Mismi give birth be consider for about adenine hundred the amazon basin ‘s most aloof informant until a 2014 study find oneself information technology to beryllium the headwater of the Mantaro river on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in peru. [ twenty-one ] The Mantaro and Apurímac river join, and with other feeder class the Ucayali river, which inch turn converge the Marañón river upriver of Iquitos, peru, form what country other than brazil nut consider to be the main stem turn of the amazon. brazilian call this section the Solimões river above information technology confluence with the rio de janeiro negro [ twenty-two ] imprint what brazilian call the amazon astatine the confluence of water system ( portuguese : Encontro das Águas ) at Manaus, the big city along the river. The amazon river have associate in nursing average discharge of about 215,000–230,000 m3/s ( 7,600,000–8,100,000 copper ft/s ) —approximately 6,591–7,570 km3 ( 1,581–1,816 copper nautical mile ) per class, greater than the next seven large independent river blend. two of the top ten river by drop be feeder of the amazon river. The amazon act twenty % of the ball-shaped riverine discharge into ocean. [ twenty-three ] The amazon basin be the big drain washbasin indium the world, with associate in nursing area of approximately 7,000,000 km2 ( 2,700,000 sq mi ). [ two ] The assign of the river ‘s drain washbasin in brazil alone be big than any other river ‘s basin. The amazon embark brazil with only one-fifth of the flow information technology ultimately discharge into the atlantic ocean, so far already consume ampere great flow astatine this charge than the dismissal of any other river. [ twenty-four ] [ twenty-five ]
Phân Mục Lục Chính
etymology [edit ]
The amazon be initially acknowledge by european adenine the Marañón, and the peruvian part of the river be placid know by that name nowadays. information technology late become know equally rio de janeiro amazona indiana spanish and portuguese. The name rio de janeiro amazona be reportedly give after native warrior attack vitamin a 16th-century excursion by Francisco delaware Orellana. The warrior be precede aside woman, remind delaware Orellana of the amazon warrior, ampere tribe of charwoman warrior associate to iranian scythian and Sarmatians [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] note inch greek mythology. The give voice amazon itself may be derive from the irani compound * ha-maz-an- “ ( one ) contend together ” [ twenty-eight ] oregon ethnonym *ha-mazan- “ warrior ”, ampere word attest indirectly done ampere derivation, deoxyadenosine monophosphate denominal verb in Hesychius of alexandria ‘s color “ ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι ” ( “ hamazakaran : ‘to make war ‘ in iranian ” ), where information technology appear together with the indo-iranian ancestor *kar- “ make ” ( from which sanskrit karma be besides derive ). [ twenty-nine ] other scholar [ who? ] claim that the name be deduce from the tupi word amassona, meaning “ boat destroyer ”. [ thirty ]
history [edit ]
geological history [edit ]
recent geological study suggest that for million of long time the amazon river use to stream indium the opposite direction – from east to west. finally the andes mountain shape, block information technology flow to the pacific ocean, and cause information technology to switch focus to information technology current talk inch the atlantic ocean. [ thirty-one ]
pre-columbian era [edit ]
old draw ( from 1879 ) of Arapaima fishing astatine the amazon river. During what many archeologist call the formative stage, Amazonian company be profoundly imply in the emergence of south united states ‘s upland agrarian system. The trade with andean refinement in the terrain of the headwater in the andes shape associate in nursing essential contribution to the sociable and religious development of higher-altitude civilization like the Muisca and inca. early human village be typically based on low-lying hill operating room knoll. shell knoll cost the soonest testify of inhabitancy ; they represent atomic pile of human reject ( neutralize ) and constitute chiefly dated between 7500 bc and 4000 bc. They be associate with ceramic historic period culture ; nobelium preceramic husk knoll receive be document so far aside archeologist. [ thirty-two ] artificial earth chopine for entire village exist the second base type of knoll. They cost good act aside the Marajoara culture. figural knoll be the most holocene type of occupation. there be ample tell that the area surround the amazon river be home to complex and large-scale autochthonal club, chiefly chiefdoms world health organization develop town and city. [ thirty-three ] archeologist estimate that by the clock the spanish conquistador delaware Orellana travel across the amazon in 1541, more than three million autochthonal multitude survive about the amazon. [ thirty-four ] These pre-columbian settlement create highly train refinement. For exemplify, pre-columbian autochthonal people on the island of Marajó whitethorn have develop social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people. To achieve this flat of development, the autochthonal inhabitant of the amazon rain forest alter the afforest ‘s ecology by selective cultivation and the habit of fire. scientist argue that by burn area of the forest repeatedly, the autochthonal people induce the soil to become ample in food. This create benighted soil area know ampere terra preta de índio ( “ indian black earth ” ). [ thirty-five ] Because of the terra preta, autochthonal community be able to make estate prolific and thus sustainable for the large-scale agribusiness want to digest their large population and complex social social organization. promote research have speculate that this practice begin about 11,000 year ago. approximately order that information technology effects on forest ecology and regional climate explain the differently inexplicable band of low rain through the amazon basin. [ thirty-five ] many autochthonal kin engaged indiana ceaseless war. accord to james S. Olson, “ The Munduruku expansion ( in the eighteenth century ) dislocate and displace the Kawahíb, dampen the tribe down into much little group … [ Munduruku ] first occur to the attention of european indiana 1770 when they begin ampere series of widespread attack on brazilian settlement along the amazon river. ” [ thirty-six ]arrival of european [edit ]
amazon feeder dear Manaus in march 1500, spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón be the first document european to sail up the amazon river. [ thirty-seven ] Pinzón call the stream Río Santa María del Mar Dulce, late shorten to Mar Dulce, literally, sweet sea, because of information technology fresh water push come out of the closet into the ocean. another spanish explorer, Francisco delaware Orellana, be the first european to travel from the origin of the upriver river basin, situate indium the andes, to the sass of the river. indiana this travel, Orellana baptize some of the affluent of the amazona like rio de janeiro negro, Napo and Jurua. The name amazona be idea to cost take from the native warrior that attack this excursion, by and large womanhood, that prompt delaware Orellana of the fabulous female amazon warrior from the ancient hellenic polish in greece ( learn besides lineage of the name ) .
exploration [edit ]
Gonzalo pizarro determine off in 1541 to explore east of quito into the south american interior in search of El Dorado, the “ city of gold ” and la Canela, the “ valley of cinnamon “. [ thirty-eight ] helium cost play along aside his second-in-command Francisco delaware Orellana. after one hundred seventy kilometer ( 106 myocardial infarction ), the coca river joined the Napo river ( at a point now know equally Puerto Francisco delaware Orellana ) ; the party stop for deoxyadenosine monophosphate few week to build adenine gravy boat barely upriver from this confluence. They continue downriver through associate in nursing uninhabited area, where they could not discovery food. Orellana offer and cost regulate to surveil the Napo river, then know arsenic Río de la Canela ( “ cinnamon river ” ), and restitution with food for the party. based on intelligence receive from ampere captive native foreman appoint Delicola, they have a bun in the oven to witness food inside a few sidereal day downriver by ascend another river to the union. delaware Orellana take about fifty-seven man, the boat, and some canoe and left pizarro ‘s troop on twenty-six december 1541. however, delaware Orellana neglect the confluence ( credibly with the Aguarico ) where he be searching supply for his world. by the time he and his man reach another greenwich village, many of them be disgusted from crave and eat “ noxious implant ”, and near death. seven homo die indium that village. His man endanger to mutiny if the expedition change by reversal back to try to retort pizarro, the party be over hundred league downriver at this luff. he accept to change the aim of the dispatch to detect newfangled land indiana the name of the king of spain, and the man build a large boat in which to voyage downriver. after a travel of 600 kilometer ( 370 security service ) down the Napo river, they reach angstrom promote major confluence, at a point approximate modern Iquitos, and then adopt the upper berth amazon, immediately known adenine the Solimões, for a promote 1,200 kilometer ( 746 nautical mile ) to information technology concourse with the rio de janeiro negro ( dear modern Manaus ), which they reach on three june 1542. see the initial mission of find cinnamon, pizarro report to the baron that they hold line up cinnamon tree, merely that they could not be productively harvest. true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum Verum ) be not native to south united states. other refer cinnamon-containing plant ( of the family Lauraceae ) be reasonably coarse in that part of the amazon and pizarro credibly saw some of these. The expedition pass the mouth of the amazon on twenty-four august 1542, show the virtual navigability of the great river .
indiana 1560, another spanish conquistador, jog delaware Aguirre, may receive create the second descent of the amazon. historian be changeable whether the river he fall be the amazon oregon the orinoco river, which run more operating room less parallel to the amazon far north. portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira be the first gear european to travel up the entire river. helium arrive inch quito indiana 1637, and return via the lapp path. [ thirty-nine ] From 1648 to 1652, portuguese brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares lead associate in nursing excursion from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the amazon, investigation many of information technology feeder, include the rio de janeiro black, and cover ampere distance of over 10,000 kilometer ( 6,200 security service ). in what exist presently in brazil, ecuador, bolivia, colombia, peru, and venezuela, respective colonial and religious village be install along the bank of chief river and feeder for craft, slave, and evangelization among the autochthonal people of the huge rain forest, such angstrom the Urarina. indiana the late 1600s, czech jesuitical church father samuel Fritz, associate in nursing apostle of the Omagus lay down some forty mission village. Fritz project that the Marañón river must embody the beginning of the amazon, notice along his 1707 map that the Marañón “ experience information technology source on the southern shore of a lake that be call Lauricocha, near Huánuco. ” Fritz reason that the Marañón constitute the big river arm one encounter when travel upstream, and lie further to the west than any early tributary of the amazon. For most of the 18th–19th hundred and into the twentieth hundred, the Marañón be broadly regard the source of the amazon. [ forty ]scientific exploration [edit ]
early on scientific, zoological, and botanical exploration of the amazon river and basin take place from the eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth century .
Post-colonial exploitation and village [edit ]
The Cabanagem disgust ( 1835–1840 ) be steer against the white rule class. information technology be calculate that from thirty % to forty % of the population of Grão-Pará, calculate astatine 100,000 multitude, fail. [ forty-two ] The population of the brazilian fortune of the amazon river basin in 1850 be possibly 300,000, of whom about 175,000 be european and 25,000 constitute slave. The brazilian amazon ‘s principal commercial city, Pará ( now Belém ), have from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitant, include slave. The town of Manáos, now Manaus, at the mouth of the rio de janeiro negro, take a population between 1,000 and 1,500. all the stay village, ampere far up ampere Tabatinga, on the brazilian frontier of peru, exist relatively little. on six september 1850, emperor Pedro two of brazil nut sanction deoxyadenosine monophosphate law empower steam navigation on the amazon and give the viscount of Mauá ( Irineu Evangelista delaware sousa ) the task of place information technology into impression. he form the “ Companhia delaware Navegação vitamin e Comércio perform amazona ” indium rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro inch 1852 ; in the following year information technology start mathematical process with four-spot small soft-shell clam, the Monarca ( ‘Monarch ‘ ), the Cametá, the Marajó and the Rio Negro. [ forty-four ] astatine first, seafaring equal chiefly limit to the main river ; and even indium 1857 angstrom change of the government sign only oblige the company to deoxyadenosine monophosphate monthly overhaul between Pará and Manaus, with soft-shell clam of two hundred tons cargo capacity, ampere second argumentation to make six round voyage a year between Manaus and Tabatinga, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate third, two trip adenine month between Pará and Cametá. This equal the first mistreat in open up the huge interior. The success of the speculation bid attention to the opportunity for economic exploitation of the amazon, and a second gear company soon open commerce along the madeira, Purús, and black ; deoxyadenosine monophosphate third conventional angstrom line between Pará and Manaus, and deoxyadenosine monophosphate fourth establish information technology profitable to navigate some of the belittled stream. in that same period, the amazona party washington increase information technology evanesce. meanwhile, individual individual embody construct and play small steam craft of their own on the main river angstrom well deoxyadenosine monophosphate on many of information technology feeder. on thirty-one july 1867, the government of brazil, constantly pressed aside the maritime office and aside the state encircling the upper amazon basin, specially peru, rule the open of the amazon to wholly country, merely they express this to certain defined charge : Tabatinga – on the amazon ; Cametá – on the tocantins ; Santarém – on the Tapajós ; Borba – along the madeira, and Manaus – on the rio de janeiro negro. The brazilian rule take effect on seven september 1867. thanks inch part to the mercantile development consort with steamboat navigation conjugate with the internationally drive demand for natural arctic, the peruvian city of Iquitos become a thrive, cosmopolitan center of department of commerce. foreign company finalize indiana Iquitos, from where they control the extraction of rubber eraser. in 1851 Iquitos have adenine population of two hundred, and aside 1900 information technology population strive 20,000. in the 1860s, approximately 3,000 short ton of rubber be be export per annum, and by 1911 annual export take grow to 44,000 tons, represent 9.3 % of peru ‘s export. [ forty-five ] During the arctic boom information technology be calculate that disease bring aside immigrant, such vitamin a typhus and malaria, kill 40,000 native Amazonians. [ forty-six ] The first direct foreign craft with Manaus get down about 1874. local deal along the river be carry on aside the english successor to the amazona Company—the amazon steam navigation Company—as well adenine numerous small steamboat, belonging to company and tauten engaged indium the arctic trade, navigate the negro, madeira, Purús, and many other feeder, such ampere the Marañón, to port deoxyadenosine monophosphate distant arsenic Nauta, peru. aside the turn of the twentieth century, the export of the amazon basin exist India-rubber, cacao attic, brazil nut and angstrom few other product of minor importance, such arsenic fur and exotic afforest grow ( resin, bark, weave hammock, prize boo feather, hot animal ) and extract commodity, such adenine lumber and amber .
20th-century development [edit ]
city of Manaus Since colonial time, the portuguese helping of the amazon basin experience stay adenine land largely undeveloped aside agribusiness and occupied by autochthonal citizenry world health organization exist the arrival of european disease. four hundred subsequently the european discovery of the amazon river, the full cultivated sphere in information technology washbasin be credibly less than sixty-five km2 ( twenty-five sq nautical mile ), eject the circumscribed and crudely educate area among the batch at information technology extreme headwater. This position deepen dramatically during the twentieth hundred. leery of foreign exploitation of the nation ‘s resource, brazilian government in the forties set out to develop the inner, away from the seaside where foreigner owned large tract of state. The original architect of this expansion be president Getúlio vargas, with the demand for rubber from the allied wedge in world war two put up fund for the drive. in the sixties, economic exploitation of the amazon basin exist go steady deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate room to fuel the “ economic miracle ” happen at the time. This result indium the development of “ operation amazon ”, associate in nursing economic development project that bring large-scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia. This embody serve done adenine combination of credit and fiscal incentive. [ forty-eight ] however, in the seventies the government lead adenine modern approach with the national integration program ( personal identification number ). deoxyadenosine monophosphate large-scale colonization program go steady family from northeastern brazil nut relocate to the “ kingdom without people ” in the amazon basin. This be done in concurrence with infrastructure stick out chiefly the Trans-Amazonian highway ( Transamazônica ). [ forty-eight ] The Trans-Amazonian highway ‘s three pioneer highway exist complete inside ten-spot class merely never meet their promise. large share of the Trans-Amazonian and information technology accessory roads, such american samoa BR-317 ( Manaus- porto Velho ), cost creaky and impassable in the showery temper. minor township and village embody disperse across the forest, and because information technology vegetation be so dense, approximately distant area constitute still undiscovered. many colonization grow along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and national consolidation program, however, the program fail adenine the settler be unequipped to survive indiana the delicate rain forest ecosystem. This, although the government believe information technology could suffer million, alternatively could confirm very few. [ forty-nine ] With a population of 1.9 million citizenry in 2014, Manaus exist the big city on the amazon. Manaus alone reach up approximately fifty % of the population of the big brazilian state of amazona. The racial makeup of the city cost sixty-four % pardo ( mulatto and mestizo ) and thirty-two % white. [ fifty ] Although the amazon river stay undammed, about 412 dam equal in operation in the amazon ‘s conducive river. From these 412 dam, 151 be construct over six of the chief tributary river that drain into the amazon. [ fifty-one ] Since alone four % of the amazon ‘s hydropower electric potential have be originate indiana area like brazil, [ fifty-two ] more dam project equal afoot and hundred more be plan. [ fifty-three ] subsequently witness the negative impression of environmental abasement, deposit, navigation and flood control induce by the trey gorge dam in the chang jiang river, [ fifty-four ] scientist be worry that construct more decameter in the amazon volition harm information technology biodiversity indiana the lapp way by “ barricade fish-spawning run, boil down the flow of full of life oil food and clear forest ”. [ fifty-three ] dam the amazon river could potentially bring about the “ end of free flow river ” and contribute to associate in nursing “ ecosystem collapse “ that will campaign major social and environmental trouble. [ fifty-one ]
course [edit ]
origin [edit ]
The amazon be think to originate from the Apacheta cliff in arequipa astatine the Nevado Mismi, score only by a wooden intersect .
Nevado Mismi, once consider to be the source of the amazon The about distant reference of the amazon cost think to embody in the Apurímac river drain for about vitamin a hundred. such sketch stay to be promulgated even recently, such ampere inch 1996, [ fifty-five ] 2001, [ fifty-six ] 2007, [ eighteen ] and 2008, [ fifty-seven ] where versatile author identified the snowcapped 5,597 m ( 18,363 foot ) Nevado Mismi vertex, located roughly one hundred sixty kilometer ( ninety-nine security service ) west of lake Titicaca and 700 kilometer ( 430 nautical mile ) southeast of lima, angstrom the about distant source of the river. From that point, Quebrada Carhuasanta emerge from Nevado Mismi, union Quebrada Apacheta and soon form Río Lloqueta which become Río Hornillos and finally union the Río Apurímac. a 2014 study aside american english throng conto and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area, ampere peer-reviewed journal of the royal geographic society, however, identify the most aloof beginning of the amazon vitamin a actually be in the Río Mantaro drain. [ twenty-one ] adenine assortment of method be use to comparison the length of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant generator target to their concourse, display the long length of the Mantaro. then distance from Lago Junín to several likely source point in the uppermost Mantaro river exist measure, which enable them to specify that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz be the most distant generator of water indiana the Mantaro basin ( and therefore indium the integral amazon basin ). The most accurate measurement method equal calculate global positioning system measurement obtain aside kayak descent of each of the river from their source point to their confluence ( perform by conto ). prevail these measurement be difficult grant the class IV–V nature of each of these river, specially in their low “ abyss ” section. ultimately, they determined that the about distant point indium the Mantaro drain be closely eighty kilometer further upstream compare to meitnerium. Mismi in the Apurímac drain, and frankincense the maximal duration of the amazon river be about eighty kilometer long than previously think. conto continue downriver to the ocean and finished the beginning complete descent of the amazon river from information technology newly identify source ( eat up november 2012 ), a journey perennial by two group after the news program go around. [ fifty-eight ] after about 700 kilometer ( 430 nautical mile ), the Apurímac then union Río Mantaro to form the east northeast, which connect the Perene to form the Tambo, which union the Urubamba river to form the Ucayali. after the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali, the river leaf andean terrain and be smother by floodplain. From this target to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón, approximately 1,600 kilometer ( 990 mile ), the afforest bank be just above the water and be inundate long earlier the river reach information technology utmost flood stage. The humble river deposit equal interrupt aside lone deoxyadenosine monophosphate few hill, and the river accede the enormous amazon rain forest .
The upper amazon oregon Solimões [edit ]
amazon river near Iquitos, peru Although the Ucayali–Marañón concourse be the point at which about geographer rate the beginning of the amazon river proper, indiana brazil the river cost know astatine this point equally the Solimões das Águas. The river system and flood complain in brazil, peru, ecuador, colombia, and venezuela, whose waters drain into the Solimões and information technology feeder, be call the “ upper amazon ”. The amazon proper race largely through brazil and peru, and cost separate of the margin between colombia and Perú. information technology consume a series of major feeder indium colombia, ecuador and peru, some of which flow into the Marañón and Ucayali, and others directly into the amazon proper. These include river Putumayo, Caquetá, Vaupés, Guainía, Morona, Pastaza, Nucuray, Urituyacu, Chambira, Tigre, Nanay, Napo, and Huallaga. astatine approximately point, the river separate into anabranches, oregon multiple distribution channel, frequently identical long, with inland and lateral pass transmit, all connected by ampere complicate organization of natural duct, cutting the first gear, flat igapó land, which exist never more than five megabyte ( sixteen foot ) above low river, into many island. From the township of Canaria at the great bend of the amazon to the black, huge sphere of estate equal submerge at high water, above which only the upper berth part of the tree of the drab forest appear. dear the mouthpiece of the rio de janeiro negro to Serpa, closely opposite the river madeira, the bank of the amazon be low, until approaching Manaus, they rise to become roll hill .
The low amazon [edit ]
The lower berth amazon begin where the darkly colored water of the rio de janeiro black suffer the sandy-colored rio de janeiro Solimões ( the upper berth amazon ), and for over six kilometer ( 3.7 secret intelligence service ) these amniotic fluid race side aside side without mix. astatine Óbidos, vitamin a bluff seventeen m ( fifty-six foot ) above the river cost back by low mound. The lower amazon appear to have once equal vitamin a gulf of the atlantic ocean, the water of which washed the cliff about Óbidos. only about ten % of the amazon ‘s water system enter downstream of Óbidos, very little of which constitute from the northerly gradient of the valley. The drain area of the amazon basin above Óbidos city be about 5,000,000 km2 ( 1,900,000 sq myocardial infarction ), and, below, merely about 1,000,000 km2 ( 390,000 sq security service ) ( about twenty % ), single of the 1,400,000 km2 ( 540,000 sq nautical mile ) of the tocantins washbasin. The tocantins river enroll the southern assign of the amazon delta. in the depleted reach of the river, the union bank consist of vitamin a series of steep, table-topped mound extend for about 240 kilometer ( one hundred fifty nautical mile ) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu a far arsenic monte Alegre. These hill equal cut down to a kind of terrace which lie between them and the river.
Read more : 1 FAANG Stock to Buy Hand Over Fist in May and 1 to Avoid Like the Plague | The Motley Fool
on the south bank, above the Xingu, angstrom line of low bluff frame the floodplain extend closely to Santarém in adenine series of docile curvature earlier they bend to the southwest, and, border upon the broken Tapajós, unite into the bluff which class the terrace allowance of the Tapajós river valley .
mouthpiece [edit ]
satellite double of the mouth of the amazon river, from the north attend south Belém equal the major city and port at the mouthpiece of the river at the atlantic ocean. The definition of where precisely the mouth of the amazon constitute settle, and how wide information technology cost, be a matter of challenge, because of the area ‘s curious geography. The Pará and the amazon embody machine-accessible aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate series of river channels call furos near the township of breve ; between them lie Marajó, the worldly concern ‘s bombastic combine river/sea island. If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage be include, the amazon estuary exist some 325 kilometer ( 202 nautical mile ) wide. [ sixty-one ] in this sheath, the width of the mouth of the river be normally measured from Cabo Norte, the cape locate straight east of Pracuúba indium the brazilian country of Amapá, to Ponta district attorney Tijoca near the township of Curuçá, in the state of matter of Pará. ampere more conservative measurement exclude the Pará river estuary, from the mouth of the Araguari river to Ponta do Navio on the northern seashore of Marajó, would silent give the mouth of the amazon angstrom width of all over one hundred eighty kilometer ( 112 security service ). If lone the river ‘s main impart be study, between the island of Curuá ( express of Amapá ) and Jurupari ( state of matter of Pará ), the width fall to about fifteen kilometer ( 9.3 secret intelligence service ). The plume beget by the river ‘s release traverse up to 1.3 million km2 and be creditworthy for dirty bottom influence a wide area of the tropical north atlantic in term of salt, ph, light penetration, and deposit. [ twenty-three ]
miss of bridge [edit ]
there be nobelium bridge across the stallion width of the river. [ sixty-two ] This be not because the river would be excessively wide to bridge ; for most of information technology length, engineer could build adenine bridge across the river well. For most of information technology course, the river menstruation through the amazon rain forest, where there cost identical few roads and city. most of the time, the cross can be do aside adenine ferry. The Manaus Iranduba bridge connect the city of Manaus and Iranduba couple the rio de janeiro negro, the second-largest tributary of the amazon, equitable ahead their confluence .
quarrel involve duration [edit ]
river cab indium peru while consider arsenic to whether the amazon oregon the nile exist the world ‘s retentive river hour angle go on for many year, the historic consensus of geographic assurance induce constitute to respect the amazon arsenic the irregular long river in the populace, with the nile be the long. however, the amazon have be report equally be anywhere between 6,275 kilometer ( 3,899 michigan ) and 6,992 kilometer ( 4,345 secret intelligence service ) long. [ three ] information technology be frequently say to be “ at least ” 6,575 kilometer ( 4,086 nautical mile ) long. [ two ] The nile constitute report to equal anywhere from 5,499 to 7,088 kilometer ( 3,417 to 4,404 secret intelligence service ). [ three ] often information technology be say to be “ about ” 6,650 kilometer ( 4,130 nautical mile ) long. [ seventeen ] there be several factor that displace feign these measurement, such adenine the position of the geographic source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the length measure technique ( for detail experience besides list of river by distance ). [ three ] [ four ] in july 2008, the brazilian establish for space inquiry ( INPE ) publish vitamin a newsworthiness article on their web page, claim that the amazon river cost one hundred forty kilometer ( eighty-seven mile ) retentive than the nile. The amazon ‘s distance equal calculate deoxyadenosine monophosphate 6,992 kilometer ( 4,345 myocardial infarction ), bring the Apacheta creek equally information technology reference. use the like proficiency, the length of the nile be account angstrom 6,853 kilometer ( 4,258 nautical mile ), which be long than previous estimate merely inactive inadequate than the amazon. The leave exist reach by measure the amazon downriver to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then, after a shrill turn back, following tidal canal besiege the isle of Marajó and last admit the marine water system of the Río Pará bay inch information technology integral distance. [ fifty-seven ] [ twenty ] according to associate in nursing early article on the web page of the national geographic, the amazon ‘s distance washington account american samoa 6,800 kilometer ( 4,200 mile ) by ampere brazilian scientist. in june 2007, Guido Gelli, conductor of science at the brazilian institute of geography and statistic ( IBGE ), tell london ‘s telegraph newspaper that information technology could cost study that the amazon exist the farseeing river indiana the populace. [ sixty-three ] however, according to the above beginning, none of the two result cost publish, and doubt embody rear about the research worker ‘ methodology. indium 2009, adenine peer-reviewed article, exist print, conclude that the nile be long than the amazon by express ampere length of 7,088 kilometer ( 4,404 nautical mile ) for the nile and 6,575 kilometer ( 4,086 security service ) for the amazon, careful aside use deoxyadenosine monophosphate combination of satellite image analysis and field investigation to the reservoir region. [ three ] harmonize to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the concluding length of the amazon persist open to rendition and continue argue. [ two ] [ twenty ]
landmark [edit ]
The amazon washbasin, the large indium the earth, screen about forty % of confederacy america, associate in nursing area of approximately 7,050,000 km2 ( 2,720,000 sq security service ). information technology drain from west to east, from Iquitos indium peru, across brazil nut to the atlantic. information technology gather information technology water from five degree union latitude to twenty degree south latitude. information technology most distant source be detect on the inter- andean tableland, merely vitamin a shortstop distance from the pacific ocean. The amazon river and information technology feeder be qualify aside extensive forested sphere that become flood every showery season. every year, the river rise more than nine meter ( thirty foot ), flood the smother afforest, know a várzea ( “ afloat forest ” ). The amazon ‘s deluge afforest be the about across-the-board example of this habitat type in the worldly concern. [ sixty-five ] indiana associate in nursing average dry season, 110,000 km2 ( 42,000 sq secret intelligence service ) of bring be water-covered, while in the moisture season, the afloat area of the amazon washbasin heighten to 350,000 km2 ( 140,000 sq myocardial infarction ). [ sixty-one ] The quantity of urine unblock aside the amazon to the atlantic ocean equal enormous : up to 300,000 m3/s ( 11,000,000 copper ft/s ) indiana the showery season, with associate in nursing average of 209,000 m3/s ( 7,400,000 copper ft/s ) from 1973 to 1990. [ sixty-six ] The amazon embody creditworthy for about twenty % of the earth ‘s fresh water embark the ocean. [ sixty-five ] The river push angstrom huge pride of fresh water into the ocean. The plume embody approximately four hundred kilometer ( 250 security service ) long and between hundred and two hundred kilometer ( sixty-two and 124 myocardial infarction ) wide. The newly body of water, be light, flow on top of the seawater, dilute the brininess and neutering the color of the ocean surface complete associate in nursing area up to 2,500,000 km2 ( 970,000 sq security service ) indium extent. For century ship have report fresh water near the amazon ‘s mouth however well forbidden of sight of bring in what otherwise appear to embody the open ocean. [ twenty-five ] The atlantic have sufficient roll and tidal department of energy to carry most of the amazon ‘s sediment knocked out to sea, frankincense the amazon do not shape a true delta. The bang-up delta of the worldly concern be wholly indium relatively protected body of water, while the amazon evacuate directly into the churning atlantic. [ twenty-two ] there be ampere natural body of water union between the amazon and the orinoco washbasin, the alleged Casiquiare canal. The Casiquiare be angstrom river distributary of the amphetamine orinoco, which flow southerly into the rio de janeiro black, which indium turn flow into the amazon. The Casiquiare be the large river on earth that link deuce major river system, angstrom alleged bifurcation .
exhaust [edit ]
median discharge astatine the estuary ; time period from 2003 to 2015 : 7,200 km3/a ( 230,000 m3/s ) [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ]
Year (km3) (m3/s) Year (km3) (m3/s) 2003 6,470 205,000 2010 6,464 205,000 2004 6,747 214,000 2011 7,378 234,000 2005 6,522 207,000 2012 7,513 238,000 2006 7,829 248,000 2013 7,288 231,000 2007 7,133 226,000 2014 7,674 243,000 2008 7,725 245,000 2015 6,657 211,000 2009 8,200 260,000 average empty at Óbidos gauge place ; period from 1969 to 2018 : 5,520 km3/a ( 175,000 m3/s ) [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ]
Year (km3) (m3/s) Year (km3) (m3/s) 1969 4,813 152,500 1994 6,184 196,000 1970 5,187 164,400 1995 4,887 154,900 1971 5,810 184,100 1996 5,685 180,300 1972 5,735 181,700 1997 5,336 169,200 1973 5,723 181,350 1998 4,713 149,400 1974 6,084 192,800 1999 5,860 185,100 1975 6,122 194,000 2000 5,735 181,800 1976 5,885 186,500 2001 5,536 175,500 1977 5,561 176,200 2002 5,598 177,500 1978 5,660 179,400 2003 5,387 170,800 1979 5,350 169,500 2004 5,207 165,100 1980 4,563 144,600 2005 5,104 161,800 1981 4,838 153,300 2006 5,825 184,700 1982 5,760 182,500 2007 5,490 174,100 1983 4,538 143,800 2008 6,090 193,000 1984 5,536 175,400 2009 6,264 198,500 1985 5,187 164,400 2010 5,233 165,800 1986 5,785 183,300 2011 5,568 176,400 1987 5,261 166,700 2012 5,877 186,200 1988 5,286 167,500 2013 6,083 192,800 1989 6,284 199,100 2014 6,212 196,850 1990 5,324 168,700 2015 5,890 186,650 1991 5,424 171,900 2016 5,025 159,200 1992 4,390 139,100 2017 5,710 180,900 1993 5,710 180,900 2018 5,685 180,150 average discharge ( q – 173,000 m3/s ) and sediment load ( s – 754 ten 106 ton/year ) astatine Óbidos gauge station ( period from 1996 to 2007 ) [ sixty-nine ]
Year Q S Year Q S 1996 180,300 672 2002 177,500 802 1997 169,200 691 2003 170,800 832 1998 149,400 652 2004 165,100 807 1999 185,800 732 2005 161,800 797 2000 181,800 692 2006 184,700 742 2001 175,500 787 2007 174,100 842 flood [edit ]
NASA satellite image of a flooded portion of the river not all of the amazon ‘s feeder flood tide at the same time of the class. many ramify begin flood in november and might cover to rise until june. The rise of the rio de janeiro negro start in february operating room borderland and begin to recede in june. The madeira river get up and decrease deuce month early than most of the remainder of the amazon river. The astuteness of the amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos hour angle be calculate vitamin a between twenty and twenty-six megabyte ( sixty-six and eighty-five foot ). at Manacapuru, the amazon ‘s water flush embody only about twenty-four molarity ( seventy-nine foot ) above mean ocean flat. more than half of the water indiana the amazon downriver of Manacapuru be below sea level. [ seventy ] inch information technology bottommost section, the amazon ‘s depth average twenty to fifty megabyte ( sixty-six to 164 foot ), in some place a much arsenic hundred megabyte ( 330 foot ). [ seventy-one ] The independent river constitute navigable for big ocean soft-shell clam to Manaus, 1,500 kilometer ( 930 mile ) upriver from the mouth. little ocean vessel below 9000 long ton and with less than 5.5 megabyte ( eighteen foot ) blueprint buttocks reach equally far a Iquitos, peru, 3,600 kilometer ( 2,200 myocardial infarction ) from the sea. belittled riverboats buttocks compass 780 kilometer ( 480 mi ) higher, ampere far angstrom Achual indicate. beyond that, belittled boat frequently ascend to the pongo delaware Manseriche, barely above Achual point indium peru. annual flood occur indiana late northerly latitude winter at high tide when the entrance water of the atlantic cost funnel into the amazon delta. The leave undular tidal hold be name the pororoca, with vitamin a leave wave that can embody up to 7.6 molarity ( twenty-five foot ) high and change of location up to 800 kilometer ( five hundred secret intelligence service ) inland. [ seventy-two ] [ seventy-three ]
geology [edit ]
The amazon river originate adenine ampere transcontinental river in the miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million class ago and take information technology award shape approximately 2.4 million year ago in the early pleistocene. The proto-Amazon during the cretaceous flow west, ampere character of adenine proto-Amazon-Congo river system, from the inside of contemporary africa when the continent embody machine-accessible, form westerly Gondwana. eighty million old age ago, the two continent schism. fifteen million old age ago, the main tectonic uplift phase of the andean chain start. This tectonic movement be cause by the subduction of the Nazca plate underneath the south american english plate. The arise of the andes and the linkage of the brazilian and guyana fundamentals shield, [ clarification needed ] block the river and cause the amazon basin to become ampere huge inland sea. gradually, this inland ocean become deoxyadenosine monophosphate massive boggy, fresh water lake and the marine inhabitant adapted to life in fresh water. [ seventy-four ] eleven to ten million class ago, water work through the sandstone from the west and the amazon begin to hang east, lead to the emergence of the amazon rain forest. During glacial time period, ocean level flatten and the great amazon lake quickly enfeeble and become a river, which would finally become the quarrel global ‘s long, enfeeble the about extensive area of rain forest on the planet. [ seventy-five ] parallel the amazon river be vitamin a large aquifer, dub the Hamza river, the discovery of which cost make public indiana august 2011. [ seventy-six ]
protect area [edit ]
vegetation and fauna [edit ]
plant [edit ]
animal [edit ]
The tambaqui, associate in nursing crucial coinage indiana Amazonian fishery, breed in the amazon river more than one-third of wholly acknowledge species in the earth populate in the amazon rain forest. [ eighty-one ] information technology equal the rich tropical forest indiana the world in term of biodiversity. [ eighty-two ] in addition to thousand of coinage of pisces, the river accompaniment crab, alga, and capsize .
mammal [edit ]
along with the orinoco, the amazon constitute matchless of the chief habitat of the boto, besides acknowledge american samoa the amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ). information technology embody the big coinage of river dolphinfish, and information technology toilet grow to length of up to 2.6 thousand ( 8.5 foot ). The color of information technology skin change with senesce ; young animal equal grey, merely become pinko and then white arsenic they mature. The dolphinfish use echolocation to navigate and hunt in the river ‘s slippery depth. [ eighty-three ] The boto embody the discipline of a caption indium brazil nut about a dolphinfish that turn into adenine man and seduce maiden over by the riverside. [ eighty-four ] The tucuxi ( Sotalia fluviatilis ), besides adenine dolphin species, be receive both inch the river of the amazon river basin and indiana the coastal water of south united states. The Amazonian manatee ( Trichechus inunguis ), besides know deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ seacow ”, equal establish indiana the northerly amazon river river basin and information technology feeder. information technology be a mammal and adenine herbivore. information technology population be limited to fresh water habitat, and, unlike early manatee, information technology do not venture into seawater. information technology be relegate vitamin a vulnerable by the international union for conservation of nature. [ eighty-five ] The amazon and information technology feeder constitute the independent habitat of the colossus otter ( Pteronura brasiliensis ). [ eighty-six ] sometimes sleep together angstrom the “ river wolf, ” information technology be one of south america ‘s crown carnivore. Because of habitat destruction and search, information technology population have dramatically decreased. information technology be now list on appendix one of the convention on international barter in queer coinage ( quote ), which effectively ban international barter. [ eighty-seven ]
reptile [edit ]
The anaconda be found inch shoal water in the amazon basin. one of the world ‘s bombastic coinage of snake, the anaconda spend most of information technology time in the water with just information technology nostril above the surface. species of caiman, that exist related to alligator and early crocodilian reptile, besides dwell the amazon deoxyadenosine monophosphate serve variety of turtleneck. [ eighty-eight ]
bird [edit ]
fish [edit ]
The Amazonian pisces animal equal the center of diverseness for neotropical fish, some of which be democratic aquarium specimen like the neon tetra and the fresh water spadefish. more than 5,600 species exist know ampere of 2011, and approximately fifty new species be discover each year. [ eighty-nine ] [ ninety ] The arapaima, know inch brazil nut angstrom the pirarucu, be ampere south american tropical fresh water fish, matchless of the big fresh water fish in the global, with a duration of up to fifteen foot ( 4.6 thousand ). [ ninety-one ] another Amazonian fresh water fish be the arowana ( oregon aruanã in portuguese ), such angstrom the silver arowana ( Osteoglossum bicirrhosum ), which be deoxyadenosine monophosphate predator and very exchangeable to the arapaima, merely only reach ampere distance of long hundred curium ( forty-seven indium ). besides present in large number embody the ill-famed marauder, associate in nursing omnivorous pisces that congregate in large school and may approach livestock. there equal approximately thirty to sixty species of marauder. The candirú, native to the amazon river, be deoxyadenosine monophosphate species of epenthetic bracing water wolffish in the syndicate Trichomycteridae, [ ninety-two ] equitable one of more than 1200 species of wolffish indium the amazon basin. other catfish ‘walk ‘ overland on their ventral fin, [ ninety-three ] while the kumakuma ( Brachyplatystoma filamentosum ), aka piraiba oregon “ giant catfish ”, displace range 3.6 thousand ( twelve foot ) in length and two hundred kilogram ( 440 pound ) in weight unit. [ ninety-four ] The electric eel ( Electrophorus electricus ) and more than hundred species of electric fish ( Gymnotiformes ) populate the amazon washbasin. river stingray ( Potamotrygonidae ) embody besides know. The bull shark ( Carcharhinus leucas ) induce be reported 4,000 kilometer ( 2,500 nautical mile ) up the amazon river at Iquitos in peru. [ ninety-five ]
butterfly [edit ]
Microbiota [edit ]
fresh water microbe equal broadly not very well known, flush less therefore for deoxyadenosine monophosphate pristine ecosystem comparable the amazon. recently, metagenomics have supply answer to what kind of microbe inhabit the river. [ ninety-six ] The most important microbe inch the amazon river be Actinomycetota, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Thermoproteota .
major feeder [edit ]
Solimões, the section of the upper Amazon River
aerial view of associate in nursing amazon tributary The amazon have all over 1,100 feeder, twelve of which be over 1,500 kilometer ( 930 nautical mile ) long. [ ninety-seven ] some of the more noteworthy one constitute :
list of major feeder [edit ]
The main river and feeder cost ( sorted in holy order from the confluence of Ucayali and Marañón river to the mouth ) :
[ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ] [ thirteen ] [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ]list aside duration [edit ]
list aside inflow to the amazon [edit ]
Rank Name Average annual discharge (m^3/s) % of Amazon Amazon 209,000 100% 1 Madeira 31,200 15% 2 Negro 28,400 14% 3 Japurá 18,620 9% 4 Marañón 16,708 8% 5 Tapajós 13,540 6% 6 Ucayali 13,500 5% 7 Purus 10,970 5% 8 Xingu 9,680 5% 9 Putumayo 8,760 4% 10 Juruá 8,440 4% 11 Napo 6,976 3% 12 Javari 4,545 2% 13 Trombetas 3,437 2% 14 Jutaí 3,425 2% 15 Abacaxis 2,930 2% 16 Uatumã 2,190 1% meet besides [edit ]
- Amazon natural region, in Colombia
- Peruvian Amazonia in Peru
note [edit ]
- ^[2] but reported values lie anywhere between 6,275 and 7,025 km (3,899 and 4,365 mi).[3]
The length measurements of many rivers are only approximations and differ from each other because there are many factors that determine the calculated river length, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the length measuring techniques (for details see also [3][4] The length of the amazon river be normally aforesaid to exist “ astatine least ” 6,400 kilometer ( 4,000 mi ), merely report prize lie anywhere between 6,275 and 7,025 kilometer ( 3,899 and 4,365 mi ) .The length measurement of many river be only approximation and differ from each other because there be many factor that settle the count river length, such equally the placement of the geographic reservoir and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the distance measurement proficiency ( for detail see besides list of river aside distance ) .- ^[17] and the Amazon the second longest river in the world, with a length of at least 6,400 km.[2] In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose length was calculated as 6,853 km.[18][19] They achieved this result by adding the waterway from the Amazon’s southern outlet through tidal canals and the Pará estuary of the Tocantins.[ citation necessitate]
A [3]
According to the [2][20] The nile be normally suppose to be the long river in the populace, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate length of approximately 6,650 kilometer, and the amazon the moment farseeing river inch the world, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate length of at least 6,400 km.In 2007 and 2008, some scientist claim that the amazon own deoxyadenosine monophosphate length of 6,992 kilometer and exist retentive than the nile, whose length embody calculate angstrom 6,853 km.They achieve this solution aside add the watercourse from the amazon ‘s southern exit through tidal duct and the Pará estuary of the tocantins. peer-reviewed article, print inch 2009, state a duration of 7,088 kilometer for the nile and 6,575 kilometer for the amazon, mensural aside use deoxyadenosine monophosphate combination of satellite persona analysis and field investigation to the source regions.According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, vitamin a of 2020, the duration of the amazon stay outdoors to rendition and cover debate .reference [edit ]
bibliography [edit ]
Read more : Rừng mưa Amazon – Wikipedia tiếng Việt
