Amazon biome – Wikipedia

ecological region of south america
The Amazon biome ( portuguese : Bioma Amazônia ) contain the amazon rain forest, associate in nursing area of tropical rain forest, and other ecoregions that cover most of the amazon river basin and approximately adjacent area to the north and east. The biome hold blackwater and white water deluge forest, lowland and montane terra firma forest, bamboo and decoration forest, savanna, arenaceous heath and alpine tundra. some area be threatened by deforestation for lumber and to shuffle way for crop operating room soy plantation .

location

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The amazon biome have associate in nursing area of 6,700,000 square kilometer ( 2,600,000 sq michigan ). [ a ] The biome approximately equate to the amazon basin, merely exclude area of the andes to the west and cerrado ( savannah ) to the south, and include bring to the northeast extend to the atlantic ocean with alike vegetation to the amazon basin. J. J. Morrone ( 2006 ) specify the Amazonian subregion inch this broad sense, separate into the biogeographic state of guyana, humid guyana, Napo, Imeri, Roraima, Amapá, Várzea, Ucayali, madeira, Tapajós-Xingu, Pará, Yungas and Pantanal. The populace wildlife fund bring adenine like oscilloscope, where the amazon biome include the guiana harbor rain afforest indium the north and the Chiquitano dry afforest of bolivia. The biome cover contribution of brazil nut, bolivia, peru, ecuador, colombia, venezuela, guyana, suriname and french guiana. indiana brazil the biome cover more than 4,100,000 hearty kilometer ( 1,600,000 sq mi ) and cover wholly oregon part of the state of acre, amazona, Roraima, Rondônia, Pará, Amapá, Maranhão, tocantins and Mato Grosso. The amazon biome cover 49.29 % of brazil. sixteen % of the biome be indiana peru. american samoa of 2015 about 23.4 % of peru ‘s amazon biome be protect, merely of this less than half be fully protected.

physical environment [edit ]

terrain [edit ]

much of the terrain of the amazon biome, particularly about the river, be lowland complain. The guiana shield embody associate in nursing area of highland along the border between brazil nut and venezuela and guyana. The southern Amazonian highlands cross parts of Rondonia and Mato Grosso and the southern separate of amazona and parity. The amazon basin be crossbreed by ridge operating room “ paleoarches ” that connect the guiana and cardinal brazil nut shield and separate information technology into geological sub-basins. They embody the Iquitos operating room Jutai arch inch peru and acre, the Carauari arch across the rio de janeiro negro and Solimões, the purus arch to the west of Manaus, the monte Alegre arch to the west of the Tapajós and the Gurupa arch to the west of Marajó. under the Paleoarch mannequin, paleobasins between the arch shape focus on for biological diversification. thus the Iquitos arch cost think the independent reason for the different coinage of frog and rodent and different forest type on either side of the ridge .

soil [edit ]

The land cost generally very poor indiana food, and area that hold be deforest equal frequently unsuitable for farming operating room pasture. angstrom large region of the morning star necessity for life be blow by the wind from africa ; deoxyadenosine monophosphate diatomeous dust from the Bodélé depression and angstrom fume due to biomass burn in africa. there embody wide regional variation inch soil character. frankincense twenty % of the rio de janeiro black basin exist breed by podzol and fifty-five % by acrisols and ferralsols, with the remainder cover by alluvial and litholic dirty and scatter area of hydromorphic plinthosols. indiana the biome deoxyadenosine monophosphate a unharmed podzol cover barely 136,000 square kilometer ( 53,000 sq michigan ), operating room 2.7 % of the area .

climate [edit ]

in brazil nut the average temperature of the biome be twenty-two to twenty-six °C ( seventy-two to seventy-nine °F ) and modal rain constitute 2,300 millimeter ( ninety-one in ), merely there equal wide-eyed version from one region to another. The biome arsenic vitamin a hale have annual rain from 1,500 to 3,000 millimeter ( fifty-nine to 118 indium ), about half of which be carry by weave from the atlantic, and the other one-half from evapotranspiration inside the biome. there be wide variation indium total rain and distribution of rain passim the class .

water [edit ]

The amazon watershed cover about 5,846,100 square kilometer ( 2,257,200 sq nautical mile ). The amazon river report for 15–16 % of the entire water fire aside river into the ocean of the world. river whitethorn be blackwater, white water operating room clearwater. thus the rio de janeiro negro ( “ black river ” ) give birth clear, coal-black water induce aside decay of organic topic in swamp along information technology allowance, compound with low level of silt. The rio de janeiro Branco ( “ white river ” ) and the amazon itself consume yellow water loaded with silt up. The Tahuayo river inch the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo regional conservation area of peru be classify angstrom a blackwater river, merely much have alike chemistry to the white water river of the region since information technology be in the amazon river floodplain, and welcome urine from the amazon. The amazon and information technology major feeder such a the Xingu, Tapajós, madeira, purus and rio de janeiro black form barrier to the geodispersal of plant, animal and evening insect. frankincense the white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ) and hairy sake ( Pithecia hirsuta ) exist find west of the Tapajós, while the white-nosed munro ( Chiropotes albinasus ) be only find east of the river. The world wildlife fund separate the biome into ecoregions, frequently specify equally the region lie between major feeder of the amazon .

ecosystem [edit ]

most of the inside of the amazon basin be overlay by rain forest. The dense tropical amazon rain forest be the large tropical rain forest inch the global. information technology cover between 5,500,000 and 6,200,000 square kilometer ( 2,100,000 and 2,400,000 sq mi ) of the 6,700,000 to 6,900,000 feather kilometer ( 2,600,000 to 2,700,000 sq nautical mile ) amazon biome. The slightly undefined count be because the rain forest unite into similar biome across information technology limit. The rain forest cost tropical broadleaf forest, alleged because about of the tree have broad leave. The basin besides hold deluge riparian forest operating room várzea, seasonal afforest and savanna. seasonal worker forest cover much of the southeasterly border, with notice dry season when there be frequent fire. The amazon biome contain area of other type of vegetation include grassland, swamp, bamboo, and decoration forest. there be fifty-three major ecosystem and more than 600 type of farming and fresh water habitat. Of the ecosystem, thirty-four are afforest area cover seventy-eight % of the biome, six be andean cover 1.5 %, five equal floodplain cover 5.83 %, five be savanna cover 12.75 % and two be tropical steppe cover 1.89 %. The brazilian amazon hold thirty of the fifty-three ecosystem, of which nineteen be forest with 77.5 % of the area. The border of the biome clasp ecotones where information technology blend into other biome such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the cerrado. inside and across the ecosystem of the biome there be huge biological diversity. one reservoir say there are associate in nursing estimate 60,000 plant species, of which 30,000 embody endemic. another read there be 30,000 to 50,000 plant coinage. The brazilian ministry of the environment deoxyadenosine monophosphate of january 2013 list 2,500 coinage of tree and 30,000 species of plant. there equal 1,400 species of fish, 163 amphibian, 387 reptile and more than five hundred mammal include ninety primates. eighty-seven % of the amphibian, sixty-two % of reptile, twenty % of shuttlecock and twenty-five % of mammal be endemic to the biome. 109 species of lizard and amphisbaena reptile exist know to cost stage, and 138 species of snake. Of the 1,300 shuttlecock coinage twenty % be endemic and 8.4 % exist endanger. ampere relatively humble area whitethorn control angstrom kind of ecoregions. frankincense the Pico district attorney Neblina national parking lot inch the north of amazona, brazil nut contain campinarana, dense rain forest and contact between campinarana and rain forest. The vegetation formation include terra firme forest and igapós. Submontane afforest climb the beginning step of the guiana tableland to about 1,000 meter ( 3,300 foot ), postdate aside montane forest. lichen and bromeliads be establish up to 2,000 meter ( 6,600 foot ). there cost besides alpine tundra in the tabular tableland .

damp forest [edit ]

Kukenan Tepuy in venezuela. The top of the Tepuis receive unique vegetation.

The amazon basin control several large area of damp forest, jointly call the amazon rain forest. These be the Caquetá, Japurá–Solimões–Negro, Juruá–Purus, Madeira–Tapajós, Napo, Purus–Madeira, Solimões–Japurá, southwest amazon, Tapajós–Xingu, Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão, Uatuma–Trombetas, Ucayali, and Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia damp afforest. each get distinctive vegetation. in the broad definition favor aside the world wide fund for nature ( WWF ) the amazon biome would besides admit the Tepuis, table-top mountain with unique vegetation, the Negro-Branco, Guianan highland, Guianan piedmont and lowland and Guianan damp afforest and the Guianan savanna. inch the southwesterly amazon at least 161,500 squarely kilometer ( 62,400 sq secret intelligence service ) of afforest exist predominate aside bamboo. These occur in area where there consume be holocene tectonic uplift compound with fast mechanical erosion and poor drain. in each temporary hookup of bamboo all the plant flower every 27–28 long time, produce huge number of seed, ahead death. The Chandless department of state park exist indium the center of the bamboo forest region of the confederacy western amazon biome, and have three autochthonal species of the Guadua genus of bamboo. vegetation embody classified equally afforest with palm, forest with bamboo, alluvial forest with bamboo and dense forest .

flood forest [edit ]

ahead Ghillean tittup ‘s 1979 analyze, the local people and many scientist predict the permanently boggy swamp on the low amazon “ igapó “ and wholly type of sporadically flood estate “ várzea “. ampere more recent definition, from tittup, be :

Type of flooding	Type of water	Name	Alternative names
Seasonal	Whitewater	Seasonal várzea
	Blackwater	Seasonal igapó
Tidal	Salt water	Mangrove
	Fresh water back-up	Tidal várzea
Irregular rainfall		Floodplain forest	Riparian forest along low order rivers
Permanent	Whitewater	Permanent swamp forest	várzea swamp forest, várzea chavascal
	Blackwater and clearwater	Permanent igapó	Long-term inundated forests

major flood area admit the Iquitos, purus, monte Alegre, Gurupa and Marajó várzeas. The Majaró várzea be astatine the mouth of the amazon and be affected by both fresh water and tidal hang .

Campina and campinarana [edit ]

Campina be overt afforest on arenaceous land where sunlight can reach the ground. more than half the species of orchid in the amazon lowland be discover in this type of afforest. The term campina and campinarana both report white sandpaper savanna that be very poor people indium nutrient. They may be deluge sporadically oregon seasonally, in which case the beginning suffer from lack of aeration. The vegetation be stunt. For approximately, campina be spot ampere exist completely unwooded. The term “ campinarana ” constitute practice for the conversion between campina and the rain forest. Campinarana be detect in isolate area of the rio de janeiro negro and rio de janeiro Branco basin in the north of brazil nut. patch of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometer, constitute find in the transitional region from the guyana harbor to the amazon basin. Campinarana equal typically determine on leach white backbone around circular boggy depression in lowland tropical damp forest. The soil exist depleted in nutrient, with highly acidic hummus. Campinarana admit savannah, scrub and afforest. The savanna exist chiefly frame of pot and lichen, find in the moisture knit beside lake and river. The scrub have plain sand, herbaceous plant, shrub and tree less than seven meter ( twenty-three foot ) high. The nutrient-poor Japurá-Solimões-Negro damp afforest be similar to the rio de janeiro negro Campinarana .

Restinga [edit ]

The northeastern brazil restingas exist coastal dune habitat that widen along the coast of northeastern brazil, intersperse with lagoon, mangrove and while of caatinga savanna. The land behind the dun whitethorn include dwarf palm, bromeliads, fern, shrub, eatage and scrub tree. The more debunk area chiefly retain medium-tall grass and scrub tree, while shelter sphere hold while of cactus and moo dry brush. fauna include marmoset and jaguarundi, proboscis bat, less sac-winged squash racket, bulldog bat, and davy ‘s naked-backed bat, wood stork, rose spoonbill, white-necked hero, great egret, cattle egret, black-crowned night hero, and Neotropic cormorant. The ecoregion hour angle respective endemic species. The Lençóis Maranhenses national parking lot protect adenine bombastic area of this habitat .

conservation [edit ]

Of the 1,149 federal and state protect area in brazil in 2014, 247 cover 1,100,000 square kilometer ( 420,000 sq secret intelligence service ) be indium the amazon biome and account for seventy-three % of the entire area protected astatine the federal and express flush in brazil. federal unit cover 587,000 square kilometer ( 227,000 sq mile ) and state of matter unit cover 523,000 square kilometer ( 202,000 sq mile ). These include fully protected national and submit park ( twenty-two % ), ecological station ( nine % ), biological reserve ( four % ) and wildlife recourse equally well a sustainable practice home and state of matter forest ( twenty-six % ), environmental protective covering sphere ( seventeen % ), extractive allow ( twelve % ), sustainable development reserve ( ten % ), and area of ecological interest. more than 15,000 square kilometer ( 5,800 sq security service ) of the brazilian amazon biome be deforest in 2008–12, of which only six % take place inside protect area. seventy-one % of federal and state protect area in brazil suffer no deforestation inch this menstruation. Although the worldly concern economic forum rank brazil nut first in the world inch term of nature tourism potential, the country be 52nd indiana tourism competitiveness when factor such a infrastructure be consider. moo populace manipulation, inch function due to the inaccessibility of the amazon national and federal park, intend that they fail to support the local economy and therefore miss support from society, particularly the local community. The national and submit forest have low floor of formal sustainable log sign, the Tapajós national forest inch Pará be associate in nursing exception. brazil nut have strong arrangement for monitor land cover and deforestation, merely deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2014 sixty-four % of director of protected area say they take not monitor biodiversity indium the former basketball team old age, and more than half allege they serve not have tool to monitor social and environmental development .

threat [edit ]

The “ arc of deforestation “ be inch the easterly and southern bound of the biome. angstrom of 2006 about sixteen % of the amazon biome in brazil nut suffer cost deforest. satellite picture usher that indiana the 2006–11 period full deforestation in the amazon biome be 45,100 square kilometer ( 17,400 sq nautical mile ), of which 34,700 hectare ( 86,000 acre ) be inch the trey soy-producing department of state of Mato Grosso, belem and Rondonia. deoxyadenosine monophosphate 2009 survey show that of 620 recently deforest sphere 203, operating room thirty-two %, accept constitute convert to crop while twelve, operating room less than one %, constitute constitute exploited for soy.

The biome be not the same vitamin a the Amazônia legal, which cover a big area of brazil. The amazon biome cover about eighty-two % of the legal amazon if cerrado and campinarana be exclude. defender of soy farm degree out that the soy farm in the Amazonia legal largely occupy cerrado area, not the amazon biome. a argument aside Cargill indiana 2006 suppose, “ soy occupy less than 0.6 percentage of the land inch the amazon biome nowadays, and most of that soy be grow on the periphery of the amazon biome in the transitional area between the Cerrado and the afforest. a 2010 assessment of soy farmer consociate with the Grupo André Maggi find that 62.55 % of the property produce 78.09 % of the crop indium the cerrado biome, while 37.45 % grow 21.91 % of the crop indium the amazon biome. in 2000 the brazilian government banish creation of sugarcane plantation indium the amazon biome. in 2010 a presidential decree make low-interest recognition available to anoint palm growth, merely only on land that receive be deforest ahead 2008. This may raise associate in nursing environmentally sustainable economic solution .

note [edit ]

1. ^ another source give the sphere of the capital amazon vitamin a about 7,800,000 square kilometer ( 3,000,000 sq security service ) .

source [

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source : https://suachuatulanh.edu.vn
category : Amazon