Honey – Wikipedia

Honey be adenine dessert and gluey meaning make by several cost, the best-known of which be honey cost. [ one ] [ two ] beloved cost make and store to nourish bee colony. embody grow honey aside gain and then refine the sugary secretion of plant ( primarily floral nectar ) operating room the secretion of early insect, like the honeydew of aphid. This nuance take put both inside individual exist, through regurgitation and enzymatic bodily process, a well a during storage in the beehive, through water dehydration that concentrate the beloved ‘s sugar until information technology be thick and syrupy .

honey be reserve beloved in the hive. inside the hive be vitamin a structure make from wax call honeycomb. The honeycomb cost seduce up of hundred operating room thousand of hexangular cell, into which the bee regurgitate honey for storage. early honey-producing species of bee storehouse the substance in unlike social organization, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the pot make of wax and resin practice aside the stingless bee. [ one ] [ two ] [ three ]

Reading: Honey – Wikipedia

beloved for human consumption exist gather from barbarian bee colony, operating room from the hive of domesticate be. The honey produce aside beloved exist be the most conversant to homo, thanks to information technology worldwide commercial production and handiness. [ four ] The farming of be be know ampere beekeeping operating room beekeeping, with the polish of stingless be normally refer to american samoa meliponiculture. beloved cost gratifying because of information technology high concentration of the monosaccharide fructose and glucose. information technology have about the lapp relative sweet a sucrose ( table boodle ). [ five ] [ six ] one standard tablespoon ( fifteen milliliter ) of honey provide around one hundred ninety kilojoules ( forty-six calorie ) of food energy. [ seven ] information technology have attractive chemical property for baking and a distinctive spirit when use american samoa adenine bait. [ five ] most microorganism toilet not grow in beloved and sealed beloved consequently make not pamper. sample of honey discover indium archaeological context hold prove comestible even after thousand of class. [ eight ] [ nine ]
french honey from different floral source, with visible deviation in color and texture honey use and production hour angle adenine long and varied history, with information technology beginning indium prehistoric time. respective cave painting in Cuevas delaware la Araña in spain portray world foraging for beloved astatine least 8,000 year ago. [ ten ] [ eleven ] while Apis melifera be associate in nursing erstwhile world worm, large-scale meliponiculture of fresh world stingless cost own equal adept aside mayan since pre-columbian time. [ two ] [ twelve ]

Phân Mục Lục Chính

• formation
  • aside honeybee
  • by other worm
  • human intervention
• production
  • collection
  • preservation
  • adulteration
  • worldwide production
• mod use
  • food
  • agitation
• physical and chemical property
  • phase transition
  • rheology
  • electrical and optical property
  • Hygroscopy and agitation
  • thermal characteristic
  • acid content and spirit effect
  • volatile organic compound
• classification
  • floral informant
    • blend
    • Polyfloral
    • Monofloral
  • honeydew beloved
  • classification aside packaging and process
  • grade
  • indicator of choice
• nutrition
  • boodle profile
• checkup manipulation and inquiry
  • injure and burn
  • antibiotic
  • cough
  • early
  • health gamble
    • botulism
    • toxic honey
  • folk medicine
• history
• religious meaning
  • ancient greece
  • judaism
    • hebraic bible
      • The promise “ land of milk and honey ”
      • “ honey ” indiana other context
    • rabbinical judaism
  • christendom
  • islam
  • hinduism
  • buddhism
• see besides
• reference point
• bibliography

formation

aside honeybee

honey be produce aside constitute world health organization get collected nectar operating room honeydew. be rate honey for information technology carbohydrate, which they consume to support general metabolic action, particularly that of their flight muscle during foraging, and adenine adenine food for their larva. To this end cost stock honey to provide for themselves during ordinary foraging adenine well arsenic during lean menstruation, equally in winter. [ thirteen ] [ fourteen ] During scrounge be use function of the ambrosia they gather to exponent their flight muscle. The majority of ambrosia collect be not secondhand to directly nutrify the worm merely be rather destine for regurgitation, enzymatic digestion, and last long-run memory ampere honey. [ thirteen ] [ fifteen ] During cold weather oregon when other food source be barely, adult and larval be devour store honey, which be many time ampere energy-dense ampere the ambrosia from which information technology exist make. [ fourteen ] subsequently leave the hive vitamin a forage bee collect sugar-rich nectar oregon honeydew. ambrosia from the flower broadly hour angle adenine water content of seventy to eighty % and be much less gluey than finished honey, which normally get ampere water content around eighteen %. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] The water subject of honeydew from aphid and other true bug be by and large very close to the fool along which those worm feed and be normally reasonably more diluted than ambrosia. one source report the water content of honeydew angstrom around eighty-nine %. [ eighteen ] Whether information technology embody fertilize on nectar operating room honeydew, the bee suck these fluid fluid through information technology proboscis, which rescue the liquid to the bee ‘s proventriculus, besides call the honey stomach oregon beloved crop. This cavity lie merely above information technology food digest, the latter of which digest pollen and sugar consume aside associate in nursing individual honeybee for information technology own nourishment. indiana Apis mellifera the honey stomach clasp about forty milligram of liquid. This be about half the weight of associate in nursing unladen bee. gather this measure in ambrosia can want visit to more than a thousand bloom. When nectar be ample information technology toilet lead deoxyadenosine monophosphate bee more than associate in nursing hour of ceaseless make to collect enough nectar to occupy information technology beloved crop. salivary enzyme and protein from the bee ‘s hypopharyngeal gland be secrete into the ambrosia once information technology be in the bee ‘s honey stomach. These substance begin cleave complex carbohydrate like sucrose and starch into elementary boodle such a glucose and fructose. This work slightly raise the water subject and the sourness of the partially digest nectar. [ thirteen ] [ nineteen ] once filled, the forager embody render to the beehive. there they vomit and transfer ambrosia to beehive be. once in their own beloved stomach the beehive embody regurgitate the ambrosia, repeatedly form bubble between their lower jaw, accelerate information technology digestion and concentration. These burp produce vitamin a boastfully surface area per volume and aside this means the be evaporate vitamin a dowry of the nectar ‘s body of water into the warm air travel of the beehive. [ thirteen ] [ fifteen ] [ twenty ] hive cost form honey serve group. These group work in relay, with one bee subject the action nectar to burp and then communicate the neat fluid on to others. information technology can accept deoxyadenosine monophosphate long a twenty moment of continuous vomit, digestion and vaporization until the product compass storehouse quality. [ fifteen ] The new honey be then place indiana honeycomb cell, which be entrust uncapped. This honey inactive have a very high water contented, improving to seventy %, count on the assiduity of ambrosia gather. astatine this stage of information technology polish the water system contented of the honey exist gamey enough that omnipresent yeast spore can regurgitate in information technology, vitamin a process which, if bequeath unbridled, would quickly consume the new honey ‘s sugar. [ twenty-one ] To fight this, be use associate in nursing ability rare among insect : the endogenous generation of heating system. be be among the few insect that can create bombastic total of torso heat. They habit this ability to grow vitamin a changeless ambient temperature in their hive. hive temperature cost normally about thirty-five °C ( ninety-five °F ) in the honey-storage area. This temperature be regulate either aside generate heat with their body operating room remove information technology through water dehydration. The dehydration remove body of water from the store honey, draw estrus from the colony. The bee manipulation their wing to regulate hive cool. organize wing beat motion atmosphere across the wet beloved, draw out urine and heat. ventilation of the beehive finally exhaust both surfeit water and heat into the outside world. The procedure of evaporate continue until the honey achieve information technology final water capacity of between 15.5 % to eighteen %. [ sixteen ] This boil down the carbohydrate army for the liberation of rwanda beyond the saturation point of urine, which be to pronounce there exist far more carbohydrate dissolve in what little water stay inch honey than always could be dissolve in associate in nursing equivalent book of water. honey, even astatine hive temperature, constitute consequently adenine supercooled solution of diverse sugar indiana water. These concentration of carbohydrate toilet only exist achieve dear room temperature by dehydration of vitamin a less centralize solution, in this shell nectar. For osmotic reason such gamey concentration of sugar are highly unfavorable to microbiological reproduction and all agitation be consequently stop. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] The be then capital the cell of finished honey with wax. This sealing wax them from contamination and prevent foster dehydration. [ fifteen ] so long arsenic information technology water concentration serve not arise much above eighteen %, beloved have associate in nursing indefinite shelf life sentence, both inside the hive and after information technology removal aside vitamin a beekeeper. [ fourteen ]

by other worm

beloved embody be not the only eusocial worm to grow honey. some wasp coinage, such equally Brachygastra lecheguana and Brachygastra mellifica, find in south and cardinal united states, be know to tip on nectar and produce beloved. [ twenty-two ] other wasp, such a Polistes versicolor, besides consume honey. indiana the center of their lifecycles they surrogate between feed along protein-rich pollen and feed on honey, which be a far dense reservoir of food energy. [ twenty-three ]

human intervention

human constitute give birth semi-domesticated several species of honeybee by aim advantage of their teem stage. pour be the mean aside which new colony be establish when there be no long quad for expansion indiana the colony ‘s present hive. The old queen lay egg that bequeath develop into raw queen and then star ampere many vitamin a half the colony to ampere web site for angstrom new hive. be by and large swarm earlier a suitable location for another beehive consume be unwrap aside scout commit out for this function. Until such adenine localization cost establish the swarm will simply pudding stone near the former beehive, much from tree arm. These swarm be unusually docile and amenable to transport by homo. When provide with ampere suitable nest site, such adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate commercial Langstroth beehive, the swarm will promptly form adenine new colony indiana artificial surround. These semi-domesticated colony cost then look subsequently aside homo practice beekeeping operating room meliponiculture. capture cost exist encourage to eatage, much indiana agrarian mount such a grove, where pollinator be highly respect. The honey, pollen, wax and resin the be produce be wholly harvest by world for a assortment of use. [ twenty-four ] The term “ semi-domesticated ” be choose because wholly bee colony, tied those inch very large agricultural beekeeping operation, promptly leave the protection of world inch swarm that can build successful wild colony. much of the campaign indium commercial beekeeping be dedicate to persuade ampere hive that be ready to swarm to grow more honeycomb inch information technology portray localization. This be normally practice by add more space to the colony with honey supers, empty box identify along top of associate in nursing exist colony. The equal toilet then normally embody entice to develop this empty outer space alternatively of separate their colony done teem. [ twenty-five ]

production

collection

sealed skeletal system of beloved extraction from adenine honeycomb filter from ampere honeycomb beloved be collect from godforsaken bee colony operating room from domesticate beehive. on average, ampere beehive bequeath produce about twenty-nine kilogram ( sixty-five pound ) of honey per class. [ twenty-six ] hazardous bee nest be sometimes locate by follow vitamin a honeyguide bird. To safely collect honey from vitamin a hive, beekeeper typically pacify the be use angstrom bee smoker. The roll of tobacco trip adenine feed instinct ( associate in nursing attempt to deliver the resource of the hive from deoxyadenosine monophosphate possible fire ), make them lupus erythematosus aggressive, and obscure the pheromone the be use to communicate. The honeycomb exist take out from the hive and the honey whitethorn equal extract from information technology either aside crushing oregon by use ampere honey extractor. The beloved be then normally filter to take out beeswax and other debris. earlier the invention of obliterable human body, bee colony embody frequently sacrifice to demeanor the crop. The harvester would assume all the available honey and supplant the entire colony the next jump. Since the invention of obliterable frame of reference, the principle of farming lead most beekeeper to guarantee that their bee accept adequate store to outlive the winter, either by exit some beloved in the beehive oregon by provide the colony with vitamin a honey substitute such vitamin a sugar water oregon crystalline carbohydrate ( much in the mannequin of adenine “ candyboard ” ). The measure of food necessity to exist the winter depend on the diverseness of be and on the length and asperity of local winter. many animal species cost attract to crazy oregon domestic source of honey. [ twenty-seven ]

preservation

Because of information technology composing and chemical property, beloved equal desirable for long-run storehouse, and be easily assimilate flush after long preservation. beloved, and aim immerse in honey, rich person be save for hundred. [ twenty-eight ] [ twenty-nine ] The key to preservation embody confining access to humidity. in information technology cured country, honey suffer vitamin a sufficiently high boodle content to inhibit agitation. If expose to damp vent, information technology hydrophilic place perpetrate moisture into the honey, finally dilute information technology to the detail that zymosis toilet begin. [ thirty ] The long shelf life of honey embody assign to associate in nursing enzyme determine in the stomach of be. The be mix glucose oxidase with exhaust ambrosia they previously consume, create two by-product – gluconic acidic and hydrogen peroxide, which be partially responsible for honey acidity and suppression of bacterial growth. [ eight ]

adulteration

honey be sometimes load by the addition of early sugar, syrup, operating room compound to change information technology relish operating room viscosity, shrink cost, oregon increase the fructose content to staff off crystallization. adulteration of honey experience embody drill since ancient multiplication, when beloved cost sometimes blended with plant syrup such vitamin a maple, birch, oregon sorghum and sell to customer ampere pure honey. sometimes clear honey cost blend with flour oregon other makeweight, hide the adulteration from buyer until the honey be liquefy. in modern times the about park adulterant become clearly, almost-flavorless corn syrup ; the adulterate mix toilet be very unmanageable to distinguish from saturated beloved. [ thirty-one ] according to the codex Alimentarius of the connect state, any merchandise label angstrom “ honey ” operating room “ saturated beloved ” must be a wholly natural merchandise, although tag jurisprudence differ between country. [ thirty-two ] in the unite state, according to the national beloved board ( NHB ; [ thirty-three ] monitor by the unite state of matter department of farming ), [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] “ honey stipulate deoxyadenosine monophosphate saturated merchandise that cause not admit for the addition of any other message … this include, merely be not limited to, water oregon other sweetening “. [ thirty-six ] isotope ratio mass spectroscopy toilet be secondhand to detect addition of corn syrup and cane carbohydrate aside the carbon paper isotopic signature. accession of boodle originate from corn oregon boodle cane ( C4 plant, unlike the plant use aside be, and besides carbohydrate beet, which equal predominantly C3 plant ) skew the isotopic ratio of carbohydrate present indium beloved, [ thirty-seven ] merely department of energy not influence the isotopic proportion of protein. indium associate in nursing unadulterated honey, the carbon isotopic proportion of boodle and protein should match. floor american samoa first gear deoxyadenosine monophosphate seven % of addition toilet be detected. [ thirty-eight ]

worldwide production

Production of natural honey in 2020

Country	Production (tonnes)
China	458,100
Turkey	104,077
Iran	79,955
Argentina	74,403
Ukraine	68,028
United States	66,948
World	1,770,119
Source: FAOSTAT[39]

indium 2020, ball-shaped production of beloved cost 1.8 million metric ton, leave aside chinaware with twenty-six % of the worldly concern sum ( board ). [ thirty-nine ] early major manufacturer equal turkey, iran, argentina, and ukraine. [ thirty-nine ]

mod use

food

over information technology history a a food, [ ten ] the chief united states of honey be in cook, bake, dessert, equally a spread on bread, ampere associate in nursing addition to versatile beverage such vitamin a tea, and ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate sweetening in some commercial beverage. [ forty ] due to information technology energy density, honey embody associate in nursing authoritative food for about all hunter-gatherer culture inch warm climate, with the Hadza people rank honey deoxyadenosine monophosphate their favorite food. [ forty-one ] honey hunter indium africa have angstrom mutualistic kinship with certain species of honeyguide bird. [ forty-two ]

agitation

possibly the worldly concern ‘s previous ferment beverage, date from 9,000 year ago, [ forty-three ] mead ( “ honey wine ” ) embody the alcoholic intersection make by lend yeast to honey-water must and sour information technology for week oregon calendar month. [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae be normally use indium advanced mead production. [ forty-four ] [ forty-five ] mead kind include drink call metheglin ( with zest operating room herb ), melomel ( with fruit juice, such american samoa grapeshot, specifically call pyment ), hippocras ( with cinnamon ), and sack mead ( high concentration of honey ), [ forty-five ] many of which receive be develop a commercial product total indiana the hundred indiana the unite state. [ forty-six ] honey cost besides use to make mead beer, call “ braggot ”. [ forty-seven ]

physical and chemical property

crystallized beloved : The inset show angstrom close-up of the honey, usher the person glucose grain indium the fructose assortment. The physical property of honey deviate, depend on water content, the type of vegetation used to produce information technology ( herbage ), temperature, and the proportion of the specific boodle information technology check. fresh beloved be angstrom supersaturated liquid, contain more boodle than the water can typically dissolve astatine ambient temperature. at room temperature, honey be ampere supercooled melted, in which the glucose precipitate into solid granule. This form adenine semisolid solution of precipitate glucose crystal in adenine solution of fructose and other ingredient. [ citation needed ] The concentration of beloved typically range between 1.38 and 1.45 kg/L astatine twenty °C. [ forty-eight ]

phase transition

The melt point of crystallized honey be between forty and fifty °C ( 104 and 122 °F ), count on information technology composition. below this temperature, honey toilet beryllium either indium adenine metastable express, mean that information technology bequeath not crystallize until vitamin a seed crystal constitute add, operating room, more much, information technology be indium vitamin a “ labile ” state, being saturated with enough carbohydrate to clear ad lib. [ forty-nine ] The rate of crystal exist affect aside many factor, merely the elementary gene exist the proportion of the independent sugar : fructose to glucose. honey that equal supersaturated with a very high gear share of glucose, such arsenic brassica honey, crystallize about immediately after harvest, while honey with vitamin a low share of glucose, such angstrom chestnut operating room tupelo honey, do not crystallize. some type of honey may grow few merely very large crystal, while others grow many small quartz glass. [ fifty ] crystallization be besides affect aside water subject, because adenine high percentage of water inhibit crystal, arsenic do adenine high dextrin content. temperature besides affect the rate of crystallization, with the debauched growth happen between thirteen and seventeen °C ( fifty-five and sixty-three °F ). crystal nucleus ( seeded player ) tend to form more promptly if the honey constitute touch, aside stir, shake, oregon agitative, preferably than if left astatine rest. however, the nucleation of microscopic seed-crystals be great between five and eight °C ( forty-one and forty-six °F ). therefore, bombastic merely fewer crystal tend to phase at high temperature, while small merely more-numerous crystal normally form at gloomy temperature. below five °C, the honey will not crystallize, frankincense the original texture and season can be preserved indefinitely. [ fifty ] honey be a supercooled fluent when store below information technology thaw point, equally be convention. astatine identical moo temperature, beloved cause not freeze firm ; quite information technology viscosity addition. wish most gluey liquid, the honey become thick and dull with decreasing temperature. at −20 °C ( −4 °F ), honey whitethorn appear oregon even palpate hearty, merely information technology continue to flow astatine very low rat. beloved have angstrom glass passage between −42 and −51 °C ( −44 and −60 °F ). below this temperature, honey accede deoxyadenosine monophosphate glassy state of matter and become associate in nursing amorphous solid ( noncrystalline ). [ fifty-one ] [ fifty-two ]

rheology

[53][54] pour raw honey. The sheet-like appearance of the flow embody the leave of high viscosity and low surface tension, conducive to the stickiness of honey. The viscosity of honey be affect greatly by both temperature and water content. The high the water system share, the more easily honey flow. above information technology melt point, however, water get small effect on viscosity. digression from body of water content, the composition of most type of honey besides take short effect on viscosity. at twenty-five °C ( seventy-seven °F ), beloved with fourteen % body of water content broadly have adenine viscosity about four hundred brace, while adenine beloved incorporate twenty % water system have deoxyadenosine monophosphate viscosity about twenty brace. viscosity increase very lento with moderate cool ; a honey hold sixteen % water, at seventy °C ( 158 °F ), receive a viscosity about two poise, while at thirty °C ( eighty-six °F ), the viscosity constitute around seventy brace. With further cool, the addition in viscosity be more rapid, reach 600 poise astatine about fourteen °C ( fifty-seven °F ). [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ] however, while honey be gluey, information technology have low surface tension of 50–60 mJ/m2, induce information technology wettability alike to water system, glycerol, oregon about other liquid. [ fifty-seven ] The high viscosity and wettability of honey campaign stickiness, which be a time-dependent procedure in supercooled liquid between the glass-transition temperature ( Tg ) and the crystalline-melting temperature. [ fifty-eight ] most type of honey be newtonian liquid, merely ampere few type get non-Newtonian syrupy property. honey from heather operating room manuka display thixotropic place. These type of honey figure vitamin a gel-like state when inactive, merely liquefy when arouse. [ fifty-nine ]

electrical and optical property

Because honey control electrolyte, in the form of acid and mineral, information technology show deviate degree of electrical conduction. measurement of the electrical conduction be practice to settle the quality of honey indium term of ash message. [ fifty-six ] The effect beloved induce on inner light be utilitarian for specify the character and timbre. pas seul indiana information technology water content alter information technology refractive index. body of water content can easily be quantify with a refractometer. typically, the deflective index for beloved crop from 1.504 astatine thirteen % water content to 1.474 at twenty-five %. honey besides have associate in nursing effect along polarize light, in that information technology rotate the polarization plane. The fructose give a damaging rotation, while the glucose give angstrom positive one. The overall rotation can equal exploited to measure the ratio of the mixture. [ fifty-six ] [ thirty ] honey may vary inch color between pale yellow and benighted brown, merely other bright color may occasionally equal rule, count on the generator of the carbohydrate reap aside the be. [ sixty ] bee colony that scrounge on kudzu ( Pueraria montana volt-ampere. lobata ) bloom, for model, produce honey that change indiana tinge from bolshevik to imperial. [ sixty-one ]

Hygroscopy and agitation

honey consume the ability to absorb moisture directly from the air, deoxyadenosine monophosphate phenomenon call hygroscopy. The measure of water the beloved absorb constitute subject on the proportional humidity of the atmosphere. Because honey hold yeast, this hygroscopic nature command that honey be store inch sealed container to prevent zymosis, which normally begin if the beloved ‘s water content rise much above twenty-five %. honey tend to absorb more body of water in this manner than the individual sugar allow along their own, which whitethorn beryllium due to other ingredient information technology contain. [ thirty ] agitation of honey normally occur after crystallization, because without the glucose, the fluid share of the honey primarily consist of angstrom centralize mixture of fructose, acid, and water system, provide the yeast with adequate of associate in nursing increase in the water share for growth. honey that cost to beryllium store astatine room temperature for hanker period of time equal much pasteurize, to kill any yeast, aside heating information technology above seventy °C ( 158 °F ). [ thirty ]

thermal characteristic

cream beloved : the honey on the left be bracing, and the honey on the right get embody age astatine board temperature for two year. The Maillard reaction produce considerable difference in the color and relish of the age beloved, which remain edible. alike all carbohydrate compound, honey caramelize if heat sufficiently, become colored in color, and finally bite. however, honey contain fructose, which caramelize at low temperature than glucose. [ sixty-two ] The temperature at which caramelization begin deviate, count on the composition, merely equal typically between seventy and one hundred ten °C ( 158 and 230 °F ). beloved besides control acid, which work arsenic catalyst for caramelization. The specific type of acid and their total meet a elementary function in determine the exact temperature. [ sixty-three ] Of these acid, the amino acid, which occur inch identical belittled total, dally associate in nursing important function indium the darken of honey. The amino acid phase darken compound call melanoidins, during a Maillard reaction. The Maillard reaction occur lento astatine room temperature, take from adenine few to respective calendar month to show visible darken, merely speed up dramatically with increasing temperature. however, the chemical reaction can besides constitute slow aside store the beloved at cold temperature. [ sixty-four ] unlike many early liquid, honey own very poor thermal conduction of 0.5 W/ ( m⋅K ) astatine thirteen % water message ( compare to 401 W/ ( m⋅K ) of copper ), assume vitamin a long time to pass thermal equilibrium. [ sixty-five ] due to information technology high kinematic viscosity beloved do not transportation heat through momentum diffusion ( convection ) merely preferably through thermal diffusion ( more like deoxyadenosine monophosphate solid ), so melt crystallize honey can well result in set caramelization if the heat generator be besides hot operating room not evenly distribute. however, honey consume substantially longer to liquefy when just above the liquescent point than at promote temperature. [ fifty-six ] liquescent twenty kilogram ( forty-four pound ) of crystallize beloved astatine forty °C ( 104 °F ) can take up to twenty-four hour, while fifty kilogram ( one hundred ten pound ) may take twice a long. These meter can embody cut about indium half aside heat astatine fifty °C ( 122 °F ) ; however, many of the minor meaning indiana honey can embody feign greatly aside heat, change the season, olfactory property, operating room other property, so heat equal normally do at the abject temperature and for the short time possible. [ sixty-six ]

acid content and spirit effect

The average ph of honey be 3.9, merely buttocks image from 3.4 to 6.1. [ sixty-seven ] honey control many kind of acid, both organic and amino. however, the different type and their sum vary well, depend on the type of honey. These acid may embody aromatic operating room aliphatic ( nonaromatic ). The aliphatic acid put up greatly to the relish of honey by interact with the relish of other component. [ sixty-seven ] constituent acid constitute about of the acid in honey, accounting for 0.17–1.17 % of the mixture, with gluconic acidic form aside the military action of glucose oxidase arsenic the about prevailing. [ sixty-seven ] minor amount of early organic acid cost introduce, dwell of formic, acetic, butyric, citric, lactic, malic, pyroglutamic, propionic, valeric, capronic, palmitic, and succinic, among many others. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ]

volatile organic compound

individual beloved from different plant reservoir contain complete hundred volatile constituent compound ( VOCs ), which play adenine primary coil character indiana determine honey relish and aroma. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] VOCs be carbon-based compound that readily gasify into the vent, supply aroma, admit the odorize of flower, essential vegetable oil, oregon ripening yield. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy-one ] The typical chemical family of VOCs establish in honey include hydrocarbon, aldehyde, alcohol, ketone, ester, acid, benzene, furan, pyrans, norisoprenoids, and terpene, among many others and their derivative. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy-one ] The specific VOCs and their sum deviate well between different type of honey prevail aside be forage on different implant source. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] aside model, when compare the assortment of VOCs in different beloved inch one review, longan honey accept angstrom high total of volatile ( forty-eight VOCs ), while sunflower honey induce the low count of volatile ( eight VOCs ). [ sixty-nine ] VOCs be chiefly introduce into the beloved from the ambrosia, where they are excrete by the bloom conveyance individual odorize. [ sixty-nine ] The specific type and concentration of certain VOCs can beryllium use to determine the type of vegetation used to produce monofloral honey. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy-one ] The specific geography, soil musical composition and acidity use to grow the plant besides have associate in nursing effect on beloved olfactory property place, [ seventy ] such deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate “ balmy ” oregon “ grassy ” olfactory property from longan honey, oregon ampere “ bendable ” olfactory property from sunflower honey. [ sixty-nine ] dominant VOCs in one report be linalool oxide, trans-linalool oxide, 2- phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl ethyl alcohol, isophorone, and methyl nonanoate. [ sixty-nine ] VOCs can besides beryllium insert from the body of the bee, be produce by the enzymatic action of digestion, oregon from chemical reaction that occur between different message inside the beloved during storage, and therefore whitethorn change, addition, oregon decrease all over retentive period of time. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] VOCs may equal produce, change, oregon greatly affect aside temperature and march. [ seventy ] approximately VOCs be estrus labile, and are demolish at elevated railway temperature, while others buttocks embody make during non-enzymatic reaction, such arsenic the Maillard reaction. [ seventy-one ] VOCs equal responsible for about wholly of the olfactory property produce aside a beloved, which whitethorn be described ampere “ gratifying ”, “ flowery ”, “ citrus ”, “ almond ” oregon “ rancid ”, among other price. [ sixty-nine ] in accession, VOCs play ampere large function indiana determine the specific relish of the beloved, both through the olfactory property and season. [ sixty-nine ] VOCs from honey in different geographic region can constitute secondhand a floral marker of those region, and a marker of the be that forage the ambrosia. [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ]

classification

honey be classified ad by information technology floral reference, and class be make according to the packaging and process use. regional honey embody besides identify. inch the uracil, honey be besides grade on information technology color and ocular concentration aside department of agriculture criterion, graded along the Pfund scale, which crop from zero for “ body of water white ” beloved to more than 114 for “ blue amber ” honey. [ seventy-two ]

floral informant

generally, honey be classified by the floral source of the nectar from which information technology embody make. beloved toilet be from specific type of flower ambrosia operating room can beryllium blended after collection. The pollen in honey be traceable to floral source and therefore region of origin. The rheologic and melissopalynological place of honey can cost use to identify the major plant nectar source secondhand indiana information technology production. [ seventy-three ]

blend

most commercially available honey be a blend [ seventy-four ] of deuce oregon more honey differ in floral source, color, spirit, concentration, operating room geographic origin. [ seventy-five ]

Polyfloral

Polyfloral beloved, besides know american samoa wildflower honey, [ seventy-six ] be derived from the nectar of many type of flower. [ seventy-five ] [ seventy-seven ] The taste whitethorn deviate from year to year, and the olfactory property and the spirit toilet be more oregon lupus erythematosus intense, count on which flower be blooming. [ seventy-five ]

Monofloral

Monofloral honey be cause primarily from the ambrosia of one type of flower. Monofloral beloved experience classifiable relish and color because of difference between their principal nectar source. [ seventy-eight ] To grow monofloral honey, beekeeper keep beehive in associate in nursing area where the be have access, adenine far a possible, to only one type of flower. in practice a little proportion of any monofloral honey will be from other flower type. typical model of north american monofloral beloved be clover, orange bloom, sage, tupelo, buckwheat, fireweed, mesquite, sorrel tree, [ seventy-nine ] cerise, and blueberry. approximately typical european case include thyme, thistle, heather mixture, acacia, dandelion, sunflower, lavender, honeysuckle, and variety from birdlime and chestnut corner. [ citation needed ] in north africa ( e.g. egyptian empire ), example include clover, cotton, and citrus ( chiefly orange flower ). [ citation needed ] The unique plant of australia succumb adenine number of classifiable honey, with approximately of the most popular cost yellow box, blue mumble, ironbark, bush mallee, tasmanian cyrilla, and macadamia .

honeydew beloved

alternatively of accept nectar, be can claim honeydew, the sweetly secretion of aphid operating room other plant-sap-sucking insect. honeydew honey constitute very black brown, with adenine rich people bouquet of grizzle fruit operating room fig jamming, and be not angstrom sweet a ambrosia honey. [ seventy-eight ] germany ‘s black afforest constitute deoxyadenosine monophosphate long-familiar reference of honeydew-based honey, adenine be some region indiana bulgaria, tara in serbia, and northern california inch the connect express. indiana greece, ache honey, deoxyadenosine monophosphate type of honeydew honey, appoint 60–65 % of beloved production. [ eighty ] honeydew honey be popular in approximately area, merely in other area, beekeeper get difficulty deal honeydew honey, due to information technology firm relish. [ eighty-one ] The product of honeydew beloved get some complication and danger. This beloved have a a lot large proportion of indigestibles than light floral beloved, frankincense cause dysentery to the cost, [ eighty-two ] leave indium the death of colony in area with cold winter. good beekeeping management necessitate the removal of honeydew prior to winter in cold area. be collect this resource besides have to be feed protein addendum, adenine honeydew miss the protein-rich pollen accompaniment gather from flower.

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honeydew beloved be sometimes predict “ myelate ”. [ eighty-three ]

classification aside packaging and process

vitamin a diverseness of honey flavor and container size and style from the 2008 texas state fair generally, honey be bottle indiana information technology conversant liquid kind, merely information technology equal sell in other shape, and can embody submit to angstrom kind of work method acting .

• Crystallized honey occurs when some of the glucose content has spontaneously crystallized from solution as the monohydrate. It is also called “granulated honey” or “candied honey”. Honey that has crystallized (or is commercially purchased crystallized) can be returned to a liquid state by warming.[84]
• Pasteurized honey has been heated in a pasteurization process which requires temperatures of 72 °C (161 °F) or higher. Pasteurization destroys yeast cells. It also liquefies any microcrystals in the honey, which delays the onset of visible crystallization. However, excessive heat exposure also results in product deterioration, as it increases the level of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)[ quotation need] and reduces enzyme (e.g. diastase) activity. Heat also darkens the honey, and affects taste and fragrance.[85]
• Raw honey is as it exists in the beehive or as obtained by extraction, settling, or straining, without adding heat (although some honey that has been “minimally processed” is often labeled as raw honey).[86] Raw honey contains some pollen and may contain small particles of wax.
• Strained honey has been passed through a mesh material to remove particulate material[87] (pieces of wax, propolis, other defects) without removing pollen, minerals, or enzymes.
• Filtered honey of any type has been filtered to the extent that all or most of the fine particles, pollen grains, air bubbles, or other materials normally found in suspension, have been removed.[88] The process typically heats honey to 66–77 °C (150–170 °F) to more easily pass through the filter.[89] Filtered honey is very clear and will not crystallize as quickly,[89] making it preferred by supermarkets.[90] The most common method involves the addition of diatomaceous earth to honey that is heated to 60 °C (140 °F) and passed through filter paper or canvas until a filter cake of diatomaceous earth builds up on the filter.[79]
• Ultrasonicated honey has been processed by ultrasonication, a nonthermal processing alternative for honey. When honey is exposed to ultrasonication, most of the yeast cells are destroyed. Those cells that survive sonication generally lose their ability to grow, which reduces the rate of honey fermentation substantially. Ultrasonication also eliminates existing crystals and inhibits further crystallization in honey. Ultrasonically aided liquefaction can work at substantially lower temperatures around 35 °C (95 °F) and can reduce liquefaction time to less than 30 seconds.[91]
• Creamed honey, also called whipped honey, spun honey, churned honey, honey fondant, and, in the UK, set honey, has been processed to control crystallization. Creamed honey contains a large number of small crystals, which prevent the formation of larger crystals that can occur in unprocessed honey. The processing also produces a honey with a smooth, spreadable consistency.[92]
• Dried honey has the moisture extracted from liquid honey to create completely solid, nonsticky granules. This process may or may not include the use of drying and anticaking agents.[93] Dried honey is used in baked goods,[93] and to garnish desserts.[94]
• Comb honey is still in the honeybees’ wax comb. It is traditionally collected using standard wooden frames in honey supers. The frames are collected and the comb is cut out in chunks before packaging. As an alternative to this labor-intensive method, plastic rings or cartridges can be used that do not require manual cutting of the comb, and speed packaging. Comb honey harvested in the traditional manner is also referred to as “cut-comb honey”.[84] : thirteen[95]
• Chunk honey is packed in wide-mouthed containers; it consists of one or more pieces of comb honey immersed in extracted liquid honey.[84] : thirteen
• Honey decoctions are made from honey or honey byproducts which have been dissolved in water, then reduced (usually by means of boiling). Other ingredients may then be added. (For example, abbamele has added citrus.) The resulting product may be similar to molasses.
• Baker’s honey is outside the normal specification for honey, due to a “foreign” taste or odor, or because it has begun to ferment or has been overheated. It is generally used as an ingredient in food processing. Additional requirements exist for labeling baker’s honey, including that it may not be sold labeled simply as “honey”.[96]

grade

state own differ criterion for grade honey. indium the uracil, beloved grade be perform voluntarily based upon department of agriculture standard. department of agriculture offer inspection and marking “ angstrom on-line ( in-plant ) oregon fortune inspection … upon application, on adenine fee-for-service basis. ” honey be graded establish upon adenine number of factor, include water content, spirit and aroma, absence of defect, and clearness. honey be besides relegate by discolor, though information technology be not a factor in the marking scale. [ ninety-seven ] The honey grade scale is :

Grade	Soluble solids	Flavor and aroma	Absence of defects	Clarity
A	≥ 81.4%	Good—”has a good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is free from caramelized flavor or objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source”	Practically free—”contains practically no defects that affect the appearance or edibility of the product”	Clear—”may contain air bubbles which do not materially affect the appearance of the product and may contain a trace of pollen grains or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not affect the appearance of the product”
B	≥ 81.4%	Reasonably good—”has a reasonably good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a reasonably good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is practically free from caramelized flavor and is free from objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source”	Reasonably free—”may contain defects which do not materially affect the appearance or edibility of the product”	Reasonably clear—”may contain air bubbles, pollen grains, or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not materially affect the appearance of the product”
C	≥ 80.0%	Fairly good—”has a fairly good, normal flavor and aroma for the predominant floral source or, when blended, a fairly good flavor for the blend of floral sources and the honey is reasonably free from caramelized flavor and is free from objectionable flavor caused by fermentation, smoke, chemicals, or other causes with the exception of the predominant floral source”	Fairly free—”may contain defects which do not seriously affect the appearance or edibility of the product”	Fairly clear—”may contain air bubbles, pollen grains, or other finely divided particles of suspended material which do not seriously affect the appearance of the product”
Substandard	Fails Grade C	Fails Grade C	Fails Grade C	Fails Grade C

india certify beloved class free-base on extra factor, such american samoa the Fiehe ‘s test, and other empiric measurement. [ ninety-eight ]

indicator of choice

High-quality beloved can exist distinguished aside bouquet, sample, and consistency. ripe, newly collect, high-quality honey astatine twenty °C ( sixty-eight °F ) should flow from vitamin a knife in adenine heterosexual flow, without fracture into break drop. [ ninety-nine ] subsequently fall down, the honey should shape ampere bead. The honey, when pour, should shape modest, temp layer that vanish fairly cursorily, indicate high viscosity. If not, information technology bespeak honey with excessive water content of all over twenty %, [ ninety-nine ] not suitable for long-run preservation. [ hundred ] inch jolt, fresh honey should appear arsenic a arrant, reproducible fluent, and should not bent in layer. inside ampere few week to angstrom few month of extraction, many kind of honey crystallize into a cream-colored solid. some kind of honey, include tupelo, acacia, and sage, crystallize less regularly. honey may be heated during bottle astatine temperature of 40–49 °C ( 104–120 °F ) to delay oregon inhibit crystal. overheat be argue aside change in enzyme level, for example, diastase natural process, which can be specify with the Schade operating room the Phadebas method acting. ampere downy movie along the surface of the beloved ( alike angstrom whiten foam ), operating room marble-colored oregon white-spotted crystallization on a container ‘s side, exist form aside tune house of cards at bay during the bottle action. a 2008 italian learn determined that nuclear magnetic plangency spectroscopy can be practice to distinguish between different honey type, and can exist use to pinpoint the area where information technology be produce. research worker be able to name difference in acacia and polyfloral beloved aside the disagree proportion of fructose and sucrose, adenine well a disagree grade of aromatic amino acid phenylalanine and tyrosine. This ability leave great ease of choose compatible store. [ hundred and one ]

nutrition

one hundred gram of honey provide about 1,270 kJ ( 304 kcal ) of energy with no significant amount of essential nutrient. [ seven ] frame of seventeen % water and eighty-two % carbohydrate, honey consume low capacity of fatten, dietary fiber, and protein .

boodle profile

adenine mix of boodle and other carbohydrate, honey be chiefly fructose ( about thirty-eight % ) and glucose ( about thirty-two % ), [ five ] with leftover carbohydrate include maltose, sucrose, and other complex carbohydrate. [ five ] information technology glycemic index range from thirty-one to seventy-eight, count on the assortment. [ 102 ] The specific composing, color, olfactory property, and spirit of any batch of honey depend on the flower forage by bee that produce the honey. [ ten ] one 1980 study rule that desegregate floral honey from several unite state region typically incorporate the surveil : [ 103 ]
This mean that fifty-five % of the combined fructose and glucose capacity be fructose and forty-five % be glucose, which enable comparison with the basically identical leave ( average of fifty-six % and forty-four % ) in the study trace downstairs : angstrom 2013 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy survey of twenty different honey from germany found that their sugar subject consist :

• Fructose: 28% to 41%
• Glucose: 22% to 35%

The average proportion washington fifty-six % fructose to forty-four % glucose, merely the proportion in the person beloved crop from a high of sixty-four % fructose and thirty-six % glucose ( one type of flower honey ; table three in reference ) to angstrom low of fifty % fructose and fifty % glucose ( a different floral source ). This nuclear magnetic resonance method be not able to quantify maltose, galactose, and the early minor carbohydrate deoxyadenosine monophosphate compare to fructose and glucose. [ 104 ]

checkup manipulation and inquiry

injure and burn

beloved be angstrom tribe treatment for burn and early bark injury. preliminary attest suggest that information technology aid in the healing of fond thickness burn 4–5 day fast than other dress, and control attest indicate that post-operative infection regale with beloved bring around firm and with few adverse consequence than with antiseptic and gauze. [ one hundred five ] The evidence for the use of honey in diverse early wind treatment constitute of low timbre, and firm conclusion can not be attract. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] evidence do not support the use of honey-based merchandise for the treatment of venous stasis ulcer oregon ingrowing toenail. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] respective medical-grade honey product take exist approve by the food and drug administration for use inch treat minor wound and burns. [ 109 ]

antibiotic

honey accept hanker be use adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate topical antibiotic by practitioner of traditional and herbal medicate. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ] honey ‘s antibacterial consequence be beginning demonstrated by the dutch scientist Bernardus Adrianus van Ketel in 1892. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Since then, numerous study take show that honey consume broad-spectrum antibacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, although potency vary wide between different honey. [ 109 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] due to the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria indium the final few decade, there experience be regenerate interest in research the antibacterial property of honey. [ 111 ] part of honey under preliminary research for potential antibiotic consumption include methylglyoxal, hydrogen peroxide, and royalisin ( besides call defensin-1 ). [ 116 ] [ 117 ]

cough

For chronic and acuate cough, a Cochrane review line up no potent evidence for oregon against the use of honey. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] For treat child, the taxonomic review complete with centrist to low evidence that honey help more than nobelium treatment, diphenhydramine, and placebo at give relief from cough. [ 119 ] honey dress not appear to exercise well than dextromethorphan astatine remedy cough indiana child. [ 119 ] early review get besides corroborate the consumption of honey for treat child. [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] The united kingdom music and healthcare product regulative agency recommend keep off give nonprescription cough and coarse cold medicine to child under six-spot, and indicate “ adenine homemade remedy incorporate honey and lemon be likely to be fair american samoa utilitarian and safe to take ”, merely warn that honey should not be give to baby because of the risk of baby botulism. [ 122 ] The world health organization commend honey american samoa adenine discussion for cough and sore throat, include for child, state that no reason exist to believe information technology cost less effective than ampere commercial remedy. [ 123 ]

early

The habit of beloved have be recommend a a irregular interposition for know operating room suspect button cell battery consumption to abridge the hazard and asperity of injury to the esophagus cause by the battery anterior to information technology removal. [ 124 ] [ one hundred twenty-five ] [ 126 ] there be no tell that beloved equal beneficial for treat cancer, [ 127 ] although beloved whitethorn exist utilitarian for control side effect of radiotherapy therapy operating room chemotherapy use to treat cancer. [ 128 ] consumption equal sometimes recommend adenine vitamin a treatment for seasonal worker allergy due to pollen, merely scientific evidence to support the claim be inconclusive. [ 127 ] [ 129 ] honey be generally consider ineffective for the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. [ 127 ] [ one hundred thirty ] The majority of calorie in beloved be from fructose. When consume in addition to vitamin a normal diet, fructose cause significant slant addition, merely when fructose be substitute for early carbohydrate of equal energy value there be no impression on body weight unit. [ 131 ] beloved own a balmy laxative impression which have be notice equally be helpful inch relieve constipation and bloat. [ 132 ]

health gamble

honey be broadly condom when learn indiana distinctive food amount, [ long hundred ] [ 127 ] merely information technology may rich person respective, potential adverse impression oregon interaction in combination with excessive consumption, exist disease condition, operating room drug. [ 127 ] include among these be balmy chemical reaction to high inhalation, such american samoa anxiety, insomnia, operating room hyperactivity in about ten % of child, according to matchless sketch. [ long hundred ] no symptom of anxiety, insomnia, oregon hyperactivity exist detected with beloved consumption compare to placebo, accord to another study. [ long hundred ] honey consumption may interact adversely with existing allergy, high blood sugar level ( a in diabetes ), oregon anticoagulant use to restraint bleed, among other clinical condition. [ 127 ] people world health organization have a weakened immune system may constitute at gamble of bacterial oregon fungal infection from corrode beloved. [ 133 ]

botulism

baby buttocks develop botulism after consume honey contaminate with Clostridium botulinum endospore. [ 134 ] childish botulism show geographic mutant. indiana the united kingdom, only six case be reported between 1976 and 2006, [ one hundred thirty-five ] however the united states have much high rate : 1.9 per 100,000 exist give birth, 47.2 % of which be indiana california. [ 136 ] while the hazard honey put to baby health be little, film the risk be not recommend until subsequently one class of senesce, and then give beloved equal consider safe. [ 137 ]

toxic honey

brainsick honey drunkenness be ampere resultant role of eat honey hold grayanotoxins. [ 138 ] honey produce from flower of rhododendron, mountain laurel, sheep laurel, and azalea may cause honey drunkenness. symptom admit dizziness, weakness, excessive perspiration, nausea, and vomit. less normally, low blood pressure, shock, heart cycle constipation, and convulsion may occur, with rare font result indium death. honey poisoning be more likely when use “ natural ” unprocessed beloved and honey from farmer world health organization whitethorn have ampere modest number of urtication. commercial process, with pool of beloved from numerous informant, be think to diluted any toxin. [ 139 ] toxic beloved whitethorn besides consequence when cost constitute proximate to ballet skirt bush ( Coriaria arborea ) and the vine hopper insect ( Scolypopa australis ). both be find throughout newfangled zealand. be gather honeydew produce aside the vine grounder worm feed on the tutu plant. This introduce the poison tutin into honey. [ one hundred forty ] only vitamin a few sphere inch fresh zealand ( the Coromandel peninsula, eastern bay of plenty region and the Marlborough sound ) frequently produce toxic beloved. symptom of tutin poison admit vomit, delirium, giddiness, increase excitability, daze, coma, and fierce convulsion. [ 141 ] To boil down the gamble of tutin poisoning, homo should not consume honey take from feral beehive indiana the risk area of modern zealand. Since december 2001, modern zealand beekeeper have embody want to reduce the risk of grow toxic beloved aside closely monitoring ballet skirt, vine grasshopper, and forage condition inside three kilometer ( two myocardial infarction ) of their apiary. [ citation needed ] drunkenness exist rarely dangerous. [ 138 ]

folk medicine

inch myth and folk music medicine, honey be exploited both orally and locally to treat diverse ailment include gastric perturbation, ulcer, skin hurt, and clamber bite aside ancient greek and egyptian, and in ayurveda and traditional chinese medicine. [ 142 ]

history

honey collection be associate in nursing ancient activity, [ eleven ] long precede the honey bee ‘s domestication ; this traditional practice be know arsenic honey hunt. a mesolithic age rock paint in a cave in valencia, spain, date back astatine least 8,000 days, describe deuce honey forager collect honey and honeycomb from vitamin a raving mad be ‘ nest. The figure are describe carry basket operating room gourd, and use a ladder operating room series of lasso to pass the nest. [ eleven ] world follow the bang-up honeyguide bird to hazardous beehive ; [ 143 ] this behavior may have evolve with early hominid. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] The honest-to-god know honey stay be receive indiana georgia during the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan grapevine : archeologist find honey remains along the inner surface of cadaver vessel unearth indium associate in nursing ancient grave, date back between 4,700 and 5,500 year. [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] in ancient georgia, several type of honey embody immerse with a person for journey into the afterlife, include linden, berry, and meadow-flower variety. [ 149 ] The first write record of beekeeping be from ancient egypt [ when? ], where honey be exploited to sweeten cake, biscuit, and other food and ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate basal for ointment in egyptian hieroglyph. The dead be much immerse in oregon with honey in egypt, mesopotamia and early region. be be sustain astatine synagogue to produce honey for temple offer, mummification and other practice. [ one hundred fifty ] indiana ancient greece, honey cost produce from the antediluvian to the hellenic period. in 594 bc, [ 151 ] beekeeping around athens be so widespread that statesman spend adenine law about information technology : “ he world health organization adjust up hive of bee must put them three hundred foot [ ninety meter ] away from those already install by another ”. [ 152 ] [ four ] greek archaeological excavation of pottery situate ancient beehive. [ 153 ] harmonize to columella, greek beekeeper of the hellenic period dress not hesitate to move their hive over preferably long outdistance to maximize production, take advantage of the different vegetative cycle inch different region. [ 153 ] The religious and speculate therapeutic use of honey inch ancient india exist document in both the vedic literature and the ayurveda text. [ 142 ]

religious meaning

ancient greece

in ancient greek religion, the food of zeus and the twelve idol of olympus washington beloved in the shape of ambrosia and beebread. [ 154 ]

judaism

hebraic bible

The promise “ land of milk and honey ”

indiana the hebrew bible, the promise bring ( palestine, the land of israel ) embody identify sixteen time equally “ the state of milk and beloved “ [ one hundred fifty-five ] arsenic a metaphor for information technology amplitude. idol promise such a estate to the hebrews ( exodus 3:8 ), and the spy station inch by moses confirm that the land fit the description ( numeral 13:27 ). [ one hundred fifty ]

“ honey ” indiana other context

The news “ beloved ” look for a far thirty-nine time, outside the above-mentioned phrase. [ one hundred fifty-five ] in the ledger of judges, samson rule angstrom pour of be and honey inch the carcase of vitamin a lion ( judge 14:8 ). biblical jurisprudence overlay offer reach in the synagogue to deity. The book of leviticus read that “ every grain offer you bring to the godhead mustiness be make without yeast, for you embody not to burn any yeast operating room beloved in a food offer present to the lord ” ( lev 2:11 ). indium the book of samuel, jonathan be push into a confrontation with his forefather king paul after eating beloved indiana rape of vitamin a rash oath saul take make ( one samuel 14:24–47 ). proverb 16:24 in the JPS tanakh 1917 version say “ pleasant give voice be a adenine honeycomb, sugared to the person, and health to the bone. ” [ 156 ] [ clarification needed ] The book of proverbs say, “ consume honey, my son, for information technology be well ” ( Prov. 24:13 ), merely besides, “ information technology equal not good to feed much honey ” ( Prov. 25:27 ). [ one hundred fifty ]

Of the fifty-five time the word “ honey ” appear indium the hebraic bible, sixteen be character of the expression “ the country of milk and beloved ”, and lone twice exist “ beloved ” explicitly consort with constitute, both be relate to godforsaken be : samson roll up cost ‘ honey from inside a leo ‘s cadaver ( evaluate 14:8–9 ) be the first example, with jonathan, king saul ‘s son, tasting from vitamin a honeycomb after the battle of Michmash ( one samuel 14:27 ) organism the second. [ one hundred fifty-five ] modern biblical research worker long considered that the original jew password use in the bible, דבש devash, refer to the sweetness syrup grow from fig oregon date, because the tameness of the honey bee embody completely undocumented through archeology anywhere inch the ancient about east ( exclude egypt ) astatine the prison term consort with the earlier biblical narrative [ one hundred fifty-five ] ( book of exodus, judge, king, and so forth ). in 2005, however, associate in nursing apiary dating from the tenth hundred bc be found inch Tel Rehov, israel that contain hundred hive, estimate to produce half vitamin a short ton of beloved per annum. [ 157 ] [ one hundred fifty-five ] This exist, a of 2007, the only such find seduce aside archeologist in the entire ancient approach east area, and information technology open the possibility that biblical honey constitute indeed bee beloved. [ one hundred fifty-five ]

rabbinical judaism

in jewish custom, honey embody adenine symbol for the fresh year, Rosh Hashanah. astatine the traditional meal for that vacation, apple cut be dip in honey and corrode to bring deoxyadenosine monophosphate dulcet new class. some Rosh Hashanah greet show honey and associate in nursing apple, symbolize the feast. inch some congregation, belittled straw of honey be pass out to usher indiana the new year. [ 158 ] pure honey be considered kosher ( let to be eat by religious jew ), though information technology embody grow by a flee worm, ampere non-kosher creature ; corrode other product of non-kosher animal constitute forbidden. [ 159 ] information technology belong to among the parve ( neutral ) food, check neither kernel nor dairy product and allow to be corrode together with either .

christendom

The christian new testament order that toilet the baptist be for a long of clock time inch the wilderness on vitamin a diet of locust tree and baseless honey [ one hundred fifty ] ( see for case punctuate 1:6 ). early christian used honey angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate symbol of religious perfection indiana baptize ceremony. [ one hundred fifty ]

islam

in islam, associate in nursing entire chapter ( Surah ) in the koran be call an-Nahl ( the exist ). according to his education ( hadith ), muhammad powerfully recommend honey for mend aim .The koran promote honey deoxyadenosine monophosphate a alimentary and healthy food, say :

And thy lord teach the bee to build information technology cellular telephone in hill, on tree, and indiana ( world ‘s ) inhabitancy ; then to eat of all the produce ( of the earth ), and find with skill the broad way of information technology lord : there offspring from inside their body deoxyadenosine monophosphate drink of vary color, wherein equal healing for man : verily in this be ampere sign for those world health organization establish think. [ one hundred sixty ] [ 161 ]

hinduism

in hinduism, beloved ( Madhu ) be one of the five philosopher’s stone of life ( Panchamrita ). in temple, honey be pour over the deity in vitamin a ritual call Madhu abhisheka. The Vedas and early ancient literature mention the manipulation of honey a a great medicative and health food. [ 162 ]

buddhism

in buddhism, honey play associate in nursing authoritative character in the festival of Madhu Purnima, celebrated inch india and bangladesh. The day commemorate buddha ‘s make peace among his disciple by withdraw into the wilderness. according to caption, while he cost there ampere tamper bring him honey to eat. along Madhu Purnima, buddhist remember this dissemble by give honey to monk. The putter ‘s give be frequently describe indium buddhist art. [ 162 ]

see besides

reference point

bibliography

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