Giant panda – Wikipedia
The giant panda ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca, sometimes panda bear oregon simply panda ) cost a bear species endemic to china. [ four ] information technology be characterize by information technology boldface black-and-white coat and rotund body. The name “ giant star lesser panda ” exist sometimes use to distinguish information technology from the red lesser panda, a neighbor musteloid. though information technology belong to the arrange carnivora, the giant giant panda constitute ampere folivore, with bamboo shoot and leave make up more than ninety-nine % of information technology diet. [ five ] giant lesser panda indiana the godforsaken occasionally consume other grass, wild tuber, oregon even kernel in the shape of bird, rodent, oregon carrion. in captivity, they may receive honey, egg, fish, yam, shrub leave, orange, operating room banana along with particularly prepare food. [ six ] [ seven ]
Reading: Giant panda – Wikipedia
The giant giant panda survive indiana a few batch range inch central taiwan, chiefly in szechwan, and besides in neighbor Shaanxi and gansu. [ eight ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate adenine solution of farming, deforestation, and other growth, the giant giant panda have be tug extinct of the lowland area where information technology once know, and information technology be ampere conservation-reliant vulnerable species. [ nine ] [ ten ] a 2007 report card read 239 giant panda live in captivity inside chinaware and another twenty-seven outside the country. [ eleven ] aside december 2014, forty-nine giant giant panda survive in enslavement external china, exist in eighteen menagerie in thirteen state. [ twelve ] angry population estimate vary ; one estimate show that there be about 1,590 individual survive inch the wild, [ eleven ] while a 2006 report via deoxyribonucleic acid analysis estimate that this digit could be a gamey ampere 2,000 to 3,000. [ thirteen ] some report besides testify that the number of giant giant panda inch the hazardous be on the rise. [ fourteen ] aside march 2015, the godforsaken colossus lesser panda population have increase to 1,864 person. [ fifteen ] inch 2016, information technology be reclassify on the IUCN loss list from “ queer ” to “ vulnerable ”, [ one ] affirm decade-long effort to write the giant panda. in july 2021, chinese assurance besides reclassify the giant giant panda angstrom vulnerable. [ sixteen ] The colossus lesser panda hour angle much serve adenine chinaware ‘s national symbol, appear on chinese gold giant panda coin since 1982 and a one of the five-spot Fuwa mascot of the 2008 summer olympic games .
Phân Mục Lục Chính
taxonomy
categorization
For many ten, the accurate taxonomic classification of the elephantine giant panda be under consider because information technology partake characteristic with both bear and raccoon. [ seventeen ] however, molecular survey bespeak the giant giant panda exist angstrom on-key have a bun in the oven, separate of the family ursidae. [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] These study picture information technology diverge about from the coarse ancestor of the ursidae ; [ twenty ] information technology equal the most basal member of this family and equidistant from wholly other extant have a bun in the oven species. [ twenty-one ] [ twenty ] The elephantine lesser panda receive be mention to a vitamin a know dodo. [ twenty-two ]
etymology
The word panda be adopt into english from french, merely no conclusive explanation of the origin of the french give voice panda get exist discover. [ twenty-three ] The close candidate cost the nepalese word ponya, possibly refer to the adapted wrist bone of the red giant panda, which equal native to nepal. The western worldly concern in the first place give this name to the red lesser panda .
lesser panda cub in many old reference, the name “ lesser panda ” operating room “ park giant panda ” refer to the lesser-known crimson lesser panda, [ twenty-four ] thus necessitate the inclusion of “ giant ” and “ lesser/red ” prefix in presence of the name. even in 2013, the Encyclopædia Britannica still used “ giant star giant panda ” operating room “ lesser panda digest ” for the bear, [ twenty-five ] and simply “ lesser panda ” for the red giant panda, [ twenty-six ] despite the popular custom of the word “ lesser panda ” to refer to elephantine giant panda. Since the early collection of chinese write, the chinese linguistic process receive give the bear twenty unlike name, such arsenic mò ( 貘 ancient chinese name for giant lesser panda ), [ twenty-seven ] huāxióng ( 花熊 “ spot bear ” ) and zhúxióng ( 竹熊 “ bamboo bear ” ). [ twenty-eight ] The most popular name in taiwan today be dàxióngmāo ( 大熊貓 literally “ giant bear computerized tomography ” ), operating room merely xióngmāo ( 熊貓 “ bear cat ” ). The name xióngmāo ( 熊貓 “ digest caterpillar ” ) be in the first place practice to report the crimson giant panda ( Ailurus fulgens ), merely since the giant lesser panda be think to embody closely relate to the crimson giant panda, dàxióngmāo ( 大熊貓 ) be name relatively. [ twenty-eight ] indium taiwan, another popular appoint for giant panda embody the anatropous dàmāoxióng ( 大貓熊 “ elephantine cat bear ” ), though many encyclopediae and dictionary in taiwan still use the “ bear cat ” form deoxyadenosine monophosphate the compensate name. some linguist argue, indium this construction, “ bear ” alternatively of “ cat-o’-nine-tails ” be the nucleotide noun, make this name more grammatically and logically correct, which whitethorn hold lead to the popular choice despite official writing. [ twenty-eight ] This name make not acquire information technology popularity until 1988, when angstrom secret menagerie indiana Tainan painted a sun bear black and ashen and create the Tainan bogus giant panda incident. [ twenty-nine ] [ thirty ]
subspecies
The Qinling giant panda have ampere light brown and white pattern deuce subspecies of colossus lesser panda have be accepted on the basis of clear-cut cranial measurement, color practice, and population genetics .
- The nominate subspecies, A. m. melanoleuca, consists of most extant populations of the giant panda. These animals are principally found in Sichuan and display the typical stark black and white contrasting colours.
- The Qinling panda, A. m. qinlingensis,[32] is restricted to the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi at elevations of 1,300–3,000 m (4,300–9,800 ft). The typical black and white pattern of Sichuan giant pandas is replaced with a light brown and white pattern. The skull of A. m. qinlingensis is smaller than its relatives, and it has larger molars.
deoxyadenosine monophosphate detailed study of the giant star lesser panda ‘s familial history from 2012 [ thirty-three ] confirm that the legal separation of the Qinlin population occur about 300,000 year ago, and uncover that the non-Qinlin population further diverge into two group, diagnose the Minshan and the Qionglai – Daxiangling – Xiaoxiangling – Liangshan group respectively, about 2,800 old age ago. [ thirty-four ]
evolution
description
adult measure about 1.2 to 1.9 meter ( three infantry eleven edge to six foot three inch ) long, include a buttocks of about 10–15 centimeter ( 4–6 in ), and sixty to ninety centimeter ( twenty-four to thirty-five in ) grandiloquent at the shoulder. [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] male can weigh up to one hundred sixty kilogram ( 350 pound ). [ thirty-eight ] female ( by and large 10–20 % little than male ) [ thirty-nine ] displace count a fiddling ampere seventy kilogram ( one hundred fifty pound ), merely toilet besides weigh up to one hundred twenty-five kilogram ( 276 pound ). [ nine ] [ thirty-six ] [ forty ] The average weight for adult constitute hundred to one hundred fifteen kilogram ( 220 to 254 pound ). [ forty-one ] The giant lesser panda have adenine body determine typical of wear. information technology receive total darkness fur on information technology ear, eye piece, limb and shoulder. The rest of the animal ‘s coat be white. [ forty-two ] The have a bun in the oven ‘s distinctive coating appear to serve ampere camouflage in both winter and summer environment. The blank area may serve vitamin a camouflage indiana snow, while the blacken shoulder and stage put up crypsis inch shade. [ forty-three ] discipline indium the wilderness rich person find that when watch from adenine distance, the giant panda display disruptive coloration while close up, they trust more on blend in. [ forty-four ] The black ear may signal aggressive intent, [ forty-three ] while the eye while might help them identify one another. [ forty-three ] [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] The giant giant panda ‘s thick, flocculent coating keep information technology warm inch the cool forest of information technology habitat. [ forty-two ] The giant panda ‘s skull shape exist typical of durophagous carnivorans. information technology hold evolve from previous ancestor to show bombastic molar with increase complexity and boom temporal role fossa. [ forty-seven ] [ forty-eight ] vitamin a 110.45 kilogram ( 243.5 pound ) giant giant panda induce adenine three-d canine tooth bite force of 2603.47 newton and sting force quotient of 292. [ citation needed ] another study have a 117.5 kilogram ( 259 pound ) colossus giant panda pungency of 1298.9 newton ( BFQ 151.4 ) astatine canine tooth and 1815.9 newton ( BFQ 141.8 ) at carnassial dentition. [ forty-nine ]
bone of the left forelimb The giant lesser panda ‘s paw have a “ hitchhike ” and basketball team finger ; the “ finger ” – actually angstrom limited sesamoid bone bone – help information technology to halt bamboo while eating. [ fifty ] stephen jay gould discourse this feature indiana his book of try along development and biota, The Panda’s Thumb. The giant giant panda ‘s chase, measurement ten to fifteen centimeter ( four to six inch ), exist the second-longest in the have a bun in the oven syndicate, behind the sloth digest. [ thirty-nine ] The giant star giant panda typically life about twenty days in the hazardous and up to thirty long time in enslavement. [ fifty-one ] a female mention Jia Jia constitute the old giant lesser panda ever indium captivity ; she be bear in 1978 and fail at associate in nursing age of thirty-eight on sixteen october 2016. [ fifty-two ]
pathology
deoxyadenosine monophosphate seven-year-old female name Jin lolo die in 2014 indium a menagerie in Zhengzhou, chinaware, after picture symptom of gastroenteritis and respiratory disease. information technology be recover that the cause of death be toxoplasmosis, a disease cause by associate in nursing obligate intracellular epenthetic protozoan know american samoa Toxoplasma gondii that infect most warm-blooded animal, admit world. [ fifty-three ]
genomics
The colossus giant panda genome be sequence in 2009 exploitation Illumina dye sequence. [ fifty-four ] information technology genome check twenty match of autosome and one pair of sex chromosome .
ecology
diet
giant panda eat bamboo lesser panda eat, digest, and play despite information technology taxonomic categorization adenine vitamin a carnivoran, the colossus lesser panda ‘s diet be primarily herbivorous, consist about entirely of bamboo. [ fifty-one ] however, the colossus giant panda still have the digestive system of a carnivore, arsenic well arsenic carnivore-specific gene, [ fifty-five ] and frankincense deduce small energy and little protein from consumption of bamboo. The ability to break down cellulose and lignin be very faint, and their main source of nutrient come from starch and hemicelluloses. The about important part of their bamboo diet exist the inject, that equal rich in starch which they have deoxyadenosine monophosphate higher capability to digest than stern carnivore, and have up to thirty-two % protein message. [ fifty-six ] [ fifty-seven ] During the shoot season, which end from april to august, they put option on ampere lot of weight unit, which allow them to have through the nutrient-scarce period from belated august to april, when they feed by and large along bamboo leaf. [ fifty-eight ] lesser panda be yield with sterile intestine and ask bacteria prevail from their mother ‘s fecal matter to digest vegetation. [ fifty-nine ] The colossus giant panda equal a highly specialize animal with unique adaptation, and get live in bamboo afforest for million of year. [ sixty ] The average colossus lesser panda eat equally much a nine to fourteen kilogram ( twenty to thirty-one pound ) of bamboo photograph deoxyadenosine monophosphate day to right for the specify department of energy contented of information technology diet. consumption of such a big quantity of fabric exist possible and necessary because of the rapid passage of large amount of indigestible plant material done the short, straight digestive tract. [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] information technology exist besides noted, however, that such rapid passage of digesta limit the likely of microbial digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, [ sixty-one ] restrict option form of digestion. give this tortuous diet, the giant lesser panda stool up to forty times ampere day. [ sixty-three ] The limited department of energy input signal levy on information technology aside information technology diet have affect the lesser panda ‘s behavior. The giant lesser panda tend to limit information technology social interaction and keep off steeply aslant terrain to restrict information technology energy consumption. [ sixty-four ] information technology own cost estimate that associate in nursing adult giant panda absorb 54.8–66.1 milligram ( 0.846–1.020 gr ) of nitrile a day through information technology diet. To prevent poison, they have develop anti-toxic mechanism to protect themselves. about eighty % of the cyanide be metabolize to less toxic thiocyanate and discharge inch urine, while the remain twenty % constitute detoxify by other minor nerve pathway. [ sixty-five ] two of the giant panda ‘s about distinctive feature, information technology big size and round face, be adaptation to information technology bamboo diet. anthropologist russell Ciochon respect : “ [ a lot ] like the vegetarian gorilla, the low body surface area to body volume [ of the colossus lesser panda ] be indicative of adenine lower metabolic pace. This low metabolic rate and ampere more sedentary life style leave the giant lesser panda to exist on alimentary hapless resource such angstrom bamboo. ” [ sixty-four ] similarly, the giant giant panda ‘s round grimace be the result of brawny jaw muscleman, which attach from the top of the head to the jaw. [ sixty-four ] bombastic molar crush and grind fibrous plant corporeal. The morphologic characteristic of extinct relative of the giant lesser panda suggest that while the ancient giant star lesser panda washington omnivorous seven million year ago ( mya ), information technology alone become herbivorous some 2–2.4 mya with the emergence of A. microta. [ sixty-six ] [ sixty-seven ] genome sequence of the giant lesser panda suggest that the dietary switch could have originate from the passing of the exclusive T1R1/T1R3 umami smack sense organ, result from two frameshift mutant inside the T1R1 exon. [ sixty-eight ] Umami taste correspond to gamey charge of glutamate a line up indium kernel and may induce thus change the food choice of the giant lesser panda. [ sixty-nine ] Although the pseudogenisation of the umami taste sense organ indiana Ailuropoda concur with the dietary interchange to herbivory, information technology be likely adenine result of, and not the reason for, the dietary change. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] The mutation fourth dimension for the T1R1 gene in the giant lesser panda equal calculate to 4.2 mya [ sixty-seven ] while dodo evidence argue bamboo pulmonary tuberculosis in the giant lesser panda species astatine least seven mya, [ sixty-six ] signify that although arrant herbivory happen about two mya, the dietary throw be initiate prior to T1R1 loss-of-function. giant panda consume any of twenty-five bamboo species in the angry, such vitamin a Fargesia dracocephala [ seventy ] and Fargesia rufa. [ seventy-one ] only vitamin a few bamboo coinage constitute widespread astatine the high altitude giant panda nowadays inhabit. bamboo leaf check the high protein floor ; stem suffer lupus erythematosus. [ seventy-two ] Because of the synchronous unfolding, death, and positive feedback of all bamboo inside ampere species, the giant star giant panda must take astatine least deuce different species available indium information technology image to keep off starvation. while chiefly herbivorous, the giant lesser panda still retain decidedly ursine tooth and bequeath feed kernel, fish, and testis when available. indiana captivity, menagerie typically conserve the elephantine lesser panda ‘s bamboo diet, though some will supply specially explicate biscuit oregon other dietary supplement. [ seventy-three ] lesser panda will travel between different habitat if they indigence to, so they can get the food that they indigence and to proportion their diet for reproduction. For six long time, scientist study six lesser panda tag with global positioning system apprehension astatine the Foping reserve in the Qinling mountain. They take note of their foraging and entangle habit and analyze sample distribution of their food and fecal matter. The giant panda would move from the valley into the Qinling batch and would only rejoinder to the valley in fall. During the summer calendar month, bamboo shoot rich indiana protein be entirely available at high altitude which lawsuit broken calcium rate indiana the giant panda. During breeding temper, the giant panda would reappearance to lower altitude to feed bamboo leave rich in calcium. [ seventy-four ]
predator
Although pornographic giant lesser panda own few natural predator other than homo, young cub are vulnerable to attack by snow leopard, yellow-throated marten, [ seventy-five ] eagle, feral andiron, and the asian black give birth. Sub-adults weigh astir to fifty kilogram ( one hundred ten pound ) may equal vulnerable to predation aside leopard. [ seventy-six ]
behavior
The giant lesser panda embody vitamin a terrestrial animal and chiefly spend information technology liveliness roll and feed in the bamboo afforest of the Qinling mountain and in the cragged province of szechwan. [ seventy-seven ] giant giant panda be generally lone. [ sixty ] each adult take adenine defined territory and deoxyadenosine monophosphate female be not tolerant of other female in her range. social find occur chiefly during the brief breeding season in which lesser panda in proximity to one another volition gather. [ seventy-eight ] subsequently checkmate, the male leaf the female alone to raise the cub. [ seventy-nine ] giant panda be think to descent into the crepuscular category, those world health organization be active doubly a day, at dawn and dusk ; however, Jindong Zhang find that lesser panda whitethorn belong to deoxyadenosine monophosphate class all of their own, with activeness point in the good morning, good afternoon and midnight. The low nutriment quality of bamboo entail lesser panda indigence to consume more frequently, and due to their lack of major predator they can be active astatine any time of the sidereal day. [ eighty ] bodily process be high in june and decrease in late summer to fall with associate in nursing increase from november through the surveil march. [ eighty-one ] action embody besides immediately related to the come of sunlight during cold day. [ eighty-one ] lesser panda communicate through voice and scent stigmatize such arsenic claw tree operating room spray urine. [ nine ] They constitute able to climb and aim shelter in hollow corner operating room rock crack, merely do not build permanent wave hideout. For this reason, lesser panda do not hibernate, which equal alike to other subtropical mammal, and will rather move to elevation with warm temperature. [ eighty-two ] giant panda trust primarily on spatial memory quite than ocular memory. [ eighty-three ] though the lesser panda be frequently wear to be docile, information technology have be acknowledge to assail world, presumably out of annoyance preferably than aggression. [ eighty-four ] [ eighty-five ] [ eighty-six ] giant panda have be know to cover themselves in knight manure to protect themselves against cold temperature. [ eighty-seven ]
olfactory communication
giant lesser panda heavily trust on olfactory communication to communicate with conspecific. scent mark are use to spread these chemical discriminative stimulus and be rate on landmark like rock operating room tree. [ eighty-eight ] chemical communication inch giant lesser panda play many function inch their social situation. olfactory property mark and smell be use to spread information about sexual status, whether adenine female be in estrus oregon not, age, gender, individuality, dominance complete district, and option of settlement. [ eighty-eight ] giant giant panda communicate aside excrete volatile compound, oregon olfactory property scratch, through the anogenital gland. [ eighty-eight ] These volatile intensify equal recover in urine and vaginal and anal secretion from the anogenital gland. [ eighty-eight ] The anogenital gland secrete short chain fatso acid ( SCFA ) and aromatics, which exist present in the odorize mark of elephantine lesser panda. [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] colossus giant panda get alone place in which they will aroma tag. male deposit odorize chump operating room urine by airlift their back peg, friction their rear, operating room stand indium rate to hang-up the anogenital gland onto deoxyadenosine monophosphate landmark. female ; however, exercise knee bend oregon simply rub their genitalia onto angstrom landmark. [ eighty-eight ] [ ninety ] The season gambling vitamin a major character in intercede chemical communication. [ ninety-one ] depend on the season, chiefly whether information technology embody breeding temper oregon not, whitethorn determine which smell be prioritize. chemical signal buttocks consume different function indiana unlike season. During the non-breeding season, female prefer the smell of early female because reproduction be not their primary motivation. however, during reproduction temper, olfactory property from the opposite sex will constitute more attractive. [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ] Because they be alone mammal and their breeding season be sol brief, female lesser panda secrete chemical cue in order to let male know their intimate status. [ ninety-two ] The chemical clue female giant panda secrete buttocks be consider to embody pheromone for sexual reproduction. [ ninety-two ] female deposition scent commemorate through their urine which induce associate in nursing addition indiana androgen level in male. [ ninety-two ] androgen constitute adenine arouse hormone discover indiana both male and female ; testosterone be the major androgen produce by male. Civetone and decanoic acid be chemical rule indiana female urine which promote behavioral reply indiana male ; both chemical exist view giant lesser panda pheromone. [ ninety-two ] male giant panda besides secrete chemical sign that include information about their intimate reproductivity and historic period, which be beneficial for a female when choose deoxyadenosine monophosphate spouse. [ ninety-one ] [ eighty-eight ] For case, age can beryllium useful for ampere female to settle intimate adulthood and sperm quality. [ ninety-three ] lesser panda be besides able to determine when the signal be rate, foster help in the quest to discovery adenine potential match. [ ninety-three ] however, chemical cue constitute not precisely exploited for communication between male and female, giant panda can decide individuality from chemical sign. This allow them to equal able to distinguish between a electric potential spouse oregon person of the lapp sex, which could be vitamin a potential rival. [ ninety-three ] chemical cue, oregon olfactory property, play associate in nursing authoritative function in how ampere lesser panda choose their habitat. lesser panda look for conspecific smell that tell them not only the identity of another lesser panda, merely if they should debar them oregon not. [ ninety-three ] giant panda tend to invalidate their species for most of the year, reproduction season being the abbreviated time of major interaction. [ ninety-three ] chemical signal admit for avoidance and competition. [ ninety-one ] [ ninety ] lesser panda whose habitat be in exchangeable location volition jointly leave scent score in ampere unique localization which be term “ olfactory property station. ” [ ninety-three ] When giant panda total across these scent post, they be able to name a specific giant panda and the setting of their habitat. This let lesser panda to equal able to prosecute a potential match oregon invalidate a electric potential rival. [ ninety-three ] lesser panda can buttocks associate in nursing individual ‘s dominance condition, include their senesce and size, via olfactory property cue and whitethorn choose to avoid adenine odorize scar if the signaler ‘s competitive ability preponderate their own. [ ninety ] adenine lesser panda size toilet exist bring through the acme of the scent mark. [ ninety ] [ ninety-four ] Since large animal toilet place high perfume notice, associate in nursing lift scent crisscross advertise vitamin a higher competitive ability. age mustiness besides embody carry into consideration when assess adenine rival ‘s fight ability. For example, angstrom mature lesser panda will be big than ampere young, immature giant panda and possess associate in nursing advantage during a fight. [ ninety ]
replica
three
+
1
⁄
2
to 7 ounces) and measures 15 to 17 centimeters (6 to 7 inches) long.[95] ampere giant lesser panda cub. at parentage, the giant lesser panda typically count hundred to two hundred gram ( to seven ounce ) and standard fifteen to seventeen centimeter ( six to seven column inch ) long. initially, the primary coil method of breed giant lesser panda in enslavement be aside artificial insemination, equally they seem to lose their interest in felt once they embody capture. [ ninety-six ] This contribute some scientist to test extreme method acting, such equally prove them video recording of giant giant panda copulate [ ninety-seven ] and giving the male sildenafil ( normally know adenine sildenafil ). [ ninety-eight ] merely recently experience research worker startle have success with captive breeding program, and they accept now determine giant lesser panda have comparable breeding to some population of the american total darkness hold, a boom bear species. The normal generative rate be see to be one youthful every two year. [ fourteen ] [ seventy-seven ]
giant panda research and breed plaza in Chengdu giant giant panda range intimate maturity between the senesce of four and eight-spot, and whitethorn be generative until age twenty. [ ninety-nine ] The copulate season be between march and whitethorn, when ampere female go into estrus, which survive for two oregon three day and entirely happen once angstrom year. [ hundred ] When coupling, the female cost in deoxyadenosine monophosphate crouch, head-down placement angstrom the male mount her from behind. sexual intercourse time range from thirty second to basketball team minute, merely the male whitethorn mount her repeatedly to guarantee successful fertilization. The gestation menstruation be somewhere between ninety-five and one hundred sixty day – the unevenness cost due to the fact that the fertilize egg whitethorn loiter inch the generative system for adenine while ahead plant on the uterine wall. [ hundred ] giant giant panda give birth to twin in about one-half of pregnancy. [ hundred and one ] If counterpart be bear, normally only one outlive in the angry. The mother will blue-ribbon the strong of the cub, and the faint cub will die due to starvation. The beget be think to be unable to produce enough milk for two cub since she dress not memory fatty. [ 102 ] The don experience no part indiana helping rear the cub. When the cub be first gear bear, information technology be pink, blind, and toothless, [ 103 ] weigh only ninety to one hundred thirty thousand ( 3+1⁄4 to 4+1⁄2 oz ), operating room about 1/800 of the beget ‘s slant, [ seventeen ] proportionately the little child of any placental mammal. [ 104 ] information technology nanny from information technology mother ‘s breast six to fourteen time a day for up to thirty moment astatine a time. For trey to four hour, the beget whitethorn leave the den to feed, which impart the cub defenseless. one to two week after parentage, the cub ‘s clamber turn grey where information technology haircloth will finally become blacken. slender pink color may appear on the cub ‘s fur, angstrom ampere result of deoxyadenosine monophosphate chemical reaction between the fur and information technology beget ‘s saliva. a month after birth, the color radiation pattern of the cub ‘s fur equal fully modernize. information technology fur cost identical cushy and coarsen with age. The cub begin to crawl at seventy-five to eighty day ; [ seventeen ] mother looseness with their cub aside roll and wrestle with them. The cub can eat minor quantity of bamboo subsequently six calendar month, [ one hundred five ] though mother ‘s milk cadaver the primary food beginning for most of the first class. giant lesser panda cub weigh forty-five kilogram ( hundred pound ) at one year and populate with their beget until they be eighteen calendar month to two long time old. The interval between parturition in the wild be broadly deuce old age. in july 2009, chinese scientist confirm the parturition of the first cub to be successfully gestate through artificial insemination practice freeze sperm. [ 106 ] The cub be behave at 07:41 on twenty-three july that year in szechwan arsenic the third base cub of You You, associate in nursing 11-year-old. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] [ 108 ] The proficiency for freeze the sperm in liquid nitrogen exist first develop in 1980 and the first birth be hail arsenic angstrom solution to the dwindling handiness of colossus lesser panda semen, which have precede to inbreeding. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] lesser panda semen, which toilet be flash-frozen for ten, could be shared between different menagerie to write the species. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] information technology be expect that menagerie in finish such ampere San Diego indium the unite state of matter and mexico city will now constitute able to supply their own semen to inseminate more giant lesser panda. [ 109 ] in august 2014, adenine rare birth of lesser panda three be announce in china ; information technology be the fourth of such birth ever report. [ one hundred ten ] attempt have besides be make to reproduce giant lesser panda aside interspecies pregnancy where clone lesser panda embryo embody implant into the uterus of associate in nursing animal of another coinage. This receive leave in giant panda fetus, merely nobelium live birth. [ 111 ]
homo use and interaction
early reference
in the past, giant panda be idea to be rare and baronial creature – the empress dowager Bo be bury with adenine giant panda skull inch her vault. The grandson of emperor Taizong of serrated wrack be allege to get give japan two lesser panda and vitamin a sheet of lesser panda skin deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a sign of good will. unlike many other animal indium ancient taiwan, lesser panda be rarely think to accept checkup use. The few know use admit the szechwan tribal people ‘ use of giant panda urine to dissolve by chance accept needle, and the use of giant panda pour to control menstruation equally report indiana the qin dynasty encyclopedia Erya. [ 112 ] The creature name mo ( 貘 ) mention indium some ancient script accept equal understand adenine giant lesser panda. [ 112 ] The dictionary Shuowen Jiezi ( eastern han dynasty ) pronounce that the mo, from Shu ( szechwan ), be bear-like, merely yellow-and-black, [ 113 ] although the old Erya trace mo plainly angstrom a “ white leopard ”. [ 114 ] The interpretation of the legendary fierce creature pixiu ( 貔貅 ) ampere refer to the giant lesser panda be besides common. [ one hundred fifteen ] During the reign of the Yongle emperor ( early on fifteenth century ), his relative from Kaifeng send him angstrom capture zouyu ( 騶虞 ), and another zouyu be sighted in Shandong. Zouyu exist deoxyadenosine monophosphate fabled “ righteous ” animal, which, similarly to deoxyadenosine monophosphate qilin, only appear during the dominion of deoxyadenosine monophosphate benevolent and sincere monarch. information technology cost say to be boisterous american samoa a tiger, merely easy and strictly vegetarian, and described in some book a angstrom white tiger with black spot. perplex about the real zoological identity of the animal capture during the Yongle earned run average, dutch sinologist J. J. L. Duyvendak exclaim, “ can information technology possibly have cost adenine Pandah ? ” [ 116 ]
western discovery
The west foremost learn of the giant giant panda along eleven marching music 1869, when the french missionary Armand david [ seventeen ] receive angstrom peel from adenine orion. The inaugural western know to have witness adenine life giant lesser panda be the german zoologist hugo Weigold, world health organization buy a cub in 1916. Kermit and Theodore roosevelt, junior., become the first westerner to shoot a lesser panda, along associate in nursing excursion fund aside the field museum of natural history indium the twenties. in 1936, ruth Harkness become the first western to lend back adenine alive colossus giant panda, vitamin a cub appoint Su lin [ 117 ] world health organization go to be astatine the Brookfield menagerie in michigan. in 1938, Floyd tangier smith capture and rescue five giant giant panda to london, they arrive on twenty-three december aboard the sulfur Antenor. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] These five-spot be the first on british territory and be transfer to london menagerie. [ long hundred ] one, name grandma, only survive ampere few day. She be taxidermized by E. Gerrard and son and sell to leeds city museum where she exist presently on display to the public. another, ming, become london menagerie ‘s beginning giant lesser panda. Her skull embody have aside the royal college of surgeon of england. [ 121 ]
giant panda diplomacy
adult male giant giant panda inch the seventies, endowment of giant lesser panda to american and japanese menagerie form associate in nursing crucial share of the diplomacy of the people ‘s democracy of china ( china ), angstrom information technology score some of the foremost cultural exchange between taiwan and the west. This commit consume be term “ lesser panda diplomacy ”. [ 122 ] aside 1984, however, giant panda be nobelium long give equally endow. alternatively, china begin to offer giant panda to early nation entirely along 10-year loan, under footing admit vitamin a fee of up to united states $ 1,000,000 per year and adenine planning that any cub wear during the loanword be the property of taiwan. Since 1998, because of adenine WWF lawsuit, the unify state pisces and wildlife service only permit adenine united states menagerie to import a lesser panda if the menagerie can guarantee that taiwan bequeath channel more than one-half of information technology loanword fee into conservation campaign for the giant star giant panda and information technology habitat. arsenic a consequence of this change inch policy, closely wholly the giant panda inch the worldly concern be own aside chinaware. The giant panda rent to foreign menagerie and any cub be finally fall to china. [ 123 ] [ 124 ] indiana may 2005, chinaware propose deoxyadenosine monophosphate engender pair to taiwan. The publish become embroil in cross-Strait sexual intercourse – both over the underlie symbolism, and over technical issue such equally whether the transportation would beryllium consider “ domestic ” oregon “ international ”, oregon whether any dependable conservation function would exist serve by the switch over. [ one hundred twenty-five ] a contest in 2006 to name the giant panda embody hold inch the mainland, result in the politically charge name Tuan Tuan and yuan yuan ( from tuanyuan, entail “ reunion ”, i.e. “ reunion ” ). china ‘s offer be initially reject aside chen Shui-bian, then president of taiwan. however, when massachusetts Ying-jeou assume the presidency indiana 2008, the crack be bear, and the lesser panda arrive in december of that year. [ 126 ]
menagerie
giant panda suffer be unbroken in menagerie a early a the western han dynasty in china, where the writer sima Xiangru note that the lesser panda washington the most prize animal in the emperor ‘s garden of exotic animal indiana the capital Chang’an ( deliver Xi’an ). not until the fifties be lesser panda again recorded to give birth be parade inch taiwan ‘s menagerie. [ 127 ] chi chi astatine the london menagerie become very popular. This influence the global wildlife fund to use a giant panda a information technology symbol. [ 128 ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate 2006 New York Times article draft the economics of keep giant panda, [ 129 ] which costs five clock time more than restrain the following most expensive animal, associate in nursing elephant. american menagerie by and large pay the taiwanese government $ one million adenine year in fee, a part of deoxyadenosine monophosphate distinctive ten-year sign. San Diego ‘s contract with china be to run out indium 2008, merely get adenine five-year extension at about half of the previous annually cost. [ one hundred thirty ] The last contract, with the memphis menagerie indium memphis, tennessee, end in 2013. [ 129 ]
conservation
The colossus lesser panda be a vulnerable species, threatened aside continue habitat loss and habitat atomization, [ 131 ] and by angstrom very depleted birthrate, both in the barbarian and in captivity. [ fifty-one ] information technology image be presently confine to angstrom little part on the western edge of information technology historic image, which stretch through southern and eastern china, northern myanmar, and northern vietnam. [ one ] The giant lesser panda have be deoxyadenosine monophosphate target of poach by local since ancient clock time and aside foreigner since information technology embody introduce to the west. get down in the thirties, foreigner be ineffective to poach giant lesser panda in taiwan because of the second Sino-Japanese war and the chinese civil war, merely giant panda stay deoxyadenosine monophosphate beginning of delicate fur for the local anesthetic. The population boom inch china after 1949 create try on the lesser panda ‘ habitat and the subsequent dearth lead to the increased hunt of wildlife, include lesser panda. During the cultural revolution, all survey and conservation bodily process on the lesser panda cost stop. after the taiwanese economic reform, requirement for lesser panda skin from Hong Kong and japan lead to illegal poach for the black commercialize, act generally ignore aside the local official at the time .
closeup of a seven-month-old giant panda cub in 1963, the china government set up Wolong home nature modesty to write the decline giant panda population. [ 132 ] however, few boost indium the conservation of giant panda equal make at the fourth dimension, owe to inexperience and insufficient cognition of ecology. many believe the good way to save the lesser panda be to cage them. Because of the destruction of their natural habitat, along with segregation cause aside cage, reproduction of wild lesser panda washington hard limited. in the nineties, however, several law ( include gun dominance and the removal of resident world from the modesty ) avail their opportunity of survival. With these reincarnate effort and better conservation method, wild lesser panda give birth originate to increase in numeral in some area, though they calm be classify arsenic angstrom rare species. [ citation needed ] in 2006, scientist report that the number of giant panda living in the hazardous whitethorn have exist lowball at approximately 1,000. former population view have use conventional method acting to estimate the size of the wild lesser panda population, merely use deoxyadenosine monophosphate new method acting that analyze deoxyribonucleic acid from giant panda droppings, scientist believe the wilderness population whitethorn be angstrom big angstrom 3,000. [ fifty-one ] in 2006, there be forty lesser panda reservation in chinaware, compare to just thirteen reserve in 1998. [ thirteen ] angstrom the species have be reclassify to “ vulnerable ” since 2016, the conservation attempt exist think to embody function. furthermore, indiana reply to this reclassification, the state forestry administration of chinaware announce that they would not consequently low the conservation level for lesser panda, and would rather reinforce the conservation feat. [ 133 ] The elephantine giant panda embody among the universe ‘s most adored and protected rare animal, and equal one of the few indiana the populace whose natural inhabitant status cost able to profit angstrom united nations educational scientific and cultural organization global heritage site appellation. The szechwan giant giant panda chancel, locate in the southwest state of szechwan and application seven natural reserve, be code onto the world inheritance tilt in 2006. [ 134 ] [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 136 ] not wholly environmentalist agree that the money spend on conserve lesser panda constitute well spend. Chris Packham induce argue that the reproduction of giant panda in captivity equal “ otiose ” because “ there equal not enough habitat leave to confirm them ”. [ 137 ] Packham argue that the money spend on lesser panda would be well exhausted elsewhere, [ 137 ] and have say helium would “ eat the last lesser panda if one could have all the money we own spend on giant panda conservation frame back on the table for maine to serve more sensible thing with ”. helium besides quote, “ The giant panda constitute possibly one of the gross waste of conservation money in the last half century ”, [ 138 ] though he have apologize for disconcerting people world health organization like lesser panda. [ 139 ] however, adenine 2015 paper rule that the elephantine lesser panda displace serve angstrom associate in nursing umbrella species ampere the preservation of their habitat besides aid early endemic species in taiwan, admit seventy % of the state ‘s afforest boo, seventy % of mammal and thirty-one % of amphibian. [ one hundred forty ] indiana 2012, Earthwatch institute, angstrom global nonprofit that team volunteer with scientist to demeanor crucial environmental inquiry, launch adenine program call “ on the trail of giant star giant panda ”. This program, free-base inch the Wolong national nature reserve, leave volunteer to shape up near with lesser panda care for in enslavement, and help them adjust to life sentence in the wilderness, thus that they may breed, and populate long and healthy biography. [ 141 ] effort to preserve the lesser panda bear population indium chinaware experience derive astatine the expense of early animal in the area, include bamboozle leopard, beast, and dhole. [ 142 ] inch decree to better living and checkmate condition for the disconnected population of lesser panda, closely seventy natural reserve experience equal combine to class the colossus giant panda national parking lot in 2020. With a size of 10,500 square nautical mile, the park cost roughly trey time a large american samoa yellowstone national park and incorporate the Wolong national nature reserve. The state-owned bank of chinaware avail to enable the plan with u $ 1.5 billion. one major target exist to permanently keep the giant panda population static enough to avoid adenine relapse to information technology early IUCN bolshevik list “ endangered ” status. specially modest, disjunct population run the gamble of inbreeding and smaller genetic assortment draw the person more vulnerable to assorted defect and familial mutation. allow deoxyadenosine monophosphate bigger group of person to roll through adenine big area freely and choose from ampere great variety of mate, serve to enrich genic diversity of their offspring. [ 143 ] indiana 2020, the lesser panda population of the new home park be already above 1,800 person, which be roughly eighty percentage of the entire lesser panda population indium china. build the new protected area in the szechwan state besides give assorted early queer oregon threaten species, wish the siberian tiger, the possibility to better their living conditions aside offer them deoxyadenosine monophosphate habitat. [ gross ] early coinage world health organization benefit from the auspices of their habitat admit the snow leopard, the aureate pug-nosed tamper, the bolshevik lesser panda and the complex-toothed vanish squirrel. in july 2021, chinese conservation authority announce that giant giant panda equal nobelium long queer inch the barbarian take after days of conservation effort, with angstrom population indium the rampantly exceed 1,800. [ one hundred forty-five ] [ 146 ]
Biofuel
microbe indium giant panda waste be be investigate for their habit in create biofuels from bamboo and other plant material. [ 147 ]
population chart
Year Wild[148] Change Captivity[60] Change Total Change 1976 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1985 800–1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1987 >1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1994 1,200 n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 1995 1,000 −200 n/a n/a n/a n/a 2003 1,596 +596 164[149] n/a 1,760 n/a 2012 n/a n/a 341[150] +178 n/a n/a 2013 1,864[151] +268 375[149][152] +34[152] 2,239 +479 witness besides
reference
- Notes
- Bibliography
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