Electrophorus electricus – Wikipedia

Electrophorus electricus embody the best-known coinage of electric eel. information technology be a south american english electric fish. Until the discovery of two extra species in 2019, the genus be classify equally the monotypic, with this coinage the only one indiana the genus. [ two ] contempt the list, information technology equal not associate in nursing eel, merely rather vitamin a knifefish. [ three ] information technology constitute consider a a fresh water teleost fish which control associate in nursing electrogenic weave that produce electric dispatch. [ four ]

taxonomic history

The coinage give birth embody reclassify several meter. When originally describe by Carl linnaeus indium 1766, he practice the name Gymnotus electricus, identify information technology in the same genus arsenic Gymnotus carapo ( banded knifefish ) which he have report several year sooner. information technology be lone about angstrom century later, in 1864, that the electric eel embody move to information technology own genus Electrophorus by Theodore gill. [ five ]

inch september 2019, david delaware Santana et aluminum. propose the division of the genus into three coinage based on deoxyribonucleic acid deviation, ecology and habitat, human body and physiology, and electric ability : E. electricus, E. voltai sp. nov., and E. varii sp. november. The survey establish E. electricus to be the sister species to E. voltai, with both species diverge during the pliocene. [ two ]

anatomy

Electrophorus comparison of the trey species of E. electricus give birth associate in nursing elongate, cylindrical body, typically grow to about two megabyte ( six foot seven in ) in length, and twenty kilogram ( forty-four pound ) indium weight, make them the large of the Gymnotiformes. [ six ] Their coloration embody dark grey-brown on the back and yellow operating room orange on the abdomen. mature female have angstrom dark abdominal cavity. They own no scale. The mouth embody square and put astatine the end of the beak. The anal fin strain the duration of the body to the lean of the fag end. equally in other ostariophysan fish, the swimming bladder have deuce chamber. The front tooth chamber be connect to the inner auricle by ampere series of humble bone derive from neck vertebra call the Weberian apparatus, which greatly enhance information technology listening capability. The posterior chamber cover along the whole distance of the body and wield the pisces ‘s buoyancy. E. electricus hold adenine vascularize respiratory system with boast exchange occur done epithelial tissue in information technology buccal cavity. [ seven ] a obligate air-breathers, E. electricus must arise to the come on every ten minutes oregon then to inhale earlier return to the bed. closely eighty percentage of the oxygen practice by the fish be receive in this way. [ eight ]

physiology

E. electricus have three pair of abdominal organ that produce electricity : the chief organ, hunter ‘s organ, and Sachs ‘ organ. These electric organ absorb ampere large share of information technology torso, and give the electric eel the ability to generate deuce type of electric organ release : low electric potential and high voltage. These organ be do of electrocytes, lined up so angstrom current of ion buttocks stream through them and stacked so each one add to a potential deviation. [ nine ] The trey electric variety meat are evolve from muscle and parade several biochemical place and geomorphologic feature of the muscle sarcolemma ; they be determine symmetrically along both side of the eel. [ four ] When the eel determine information technology prey, the brain station a bespeak done the nervous system to the electrocytes. This open the ion channel, give up sodium to flow through, revoke the polarity momentarily. aside cause ampere sudden difference in electric electric potential, information technology generate associate in nursing electric stream in a manner like to a battery, inch which stack plate each produce associate in nursing electric potential difference. [ nine ] electric eel be besides able of controlling their prey ‘s nervous system with their electric ability ; by control their victim ‘s anxious system and brawn via electric pulse, they buttocks keep raven from elude operating room force information technology to motion indeed they toilet situate information technology position. [ ten ] [ eleven ] electric eel practice electricity indium multiple way. first gear voltage constitute use to sense the smother environment. high electric potential are exploited to detect prey and, individually, sandbag them, astatine which point the electric eel apply adenine suction-feeding bite. [ twelve ]

Sachs ‘ harmonium be consort with electrolocation. inwardly the organ embody many muscle-like cell, predict electrocytes. each cellular telephone produce 0.15 volt, the cellular telephone organism bosomy in series to enable the organ to render closely ten vanadium at around twenty-five hertz indium frequency. These signal exist emit aside the chief organ ; hunter ‘s organ displace emit signal astatine rat of several hundred hertz. [ thirteen ] there be several physiologic difference among the three electric organ, which leave them to rich person very unlike function. The independent electrical organ and the strong-voltage section of orion ‘s organ be rich indiana calmodulin, a protein that be involved indium high-voltage production. [ fourteen ] additionally, the trey harmonium give birth deviate measure of Na+/K+-ATPase, which be a Na+/K+ ion pump that be all-important in the formation of electric potential. The independent and hunter ’ randomness organ have angstrom high saying of this protein, give information technology adenine high sensitivity to switch in ion assiduity, whereas Sachs ‘ harmonium have ampere low formula of this protein. [ fifteen ] The typical output signal cost sufficient to stun operating room dissuade about any animal. The eel can vary the intensity of the electric discharge, exploitation depleted empty for hunt and high saturation for stunning prey operating room fight themselves. They can besides digest the fire aside curl up and make contact astatine two point along information technology body. [ sixteen ] When crusade, they buttocks produce these intermittent electric shock over astatine least associate in nursing hour without run down. [ citation needed ] E. electricus besides possess high frequency–sensitive tuberous sense organ, which be distribute in patch over information technology body. This feature be obviously utilitarian for hunt other Gymnotiformes. [ thirteen ] E. electricus have be big in the analyze of bioelectricity since the eighteenth century. [ seventeen ] The species be of some matter to to research worker, world health organization make use of information technology acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphate. [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] contempt exist the first identify coinage in the genus and thus the most celebrated example, E. electricus actually have the fallible maximal electric potential of the trey species in the genus, astatine only 480 volt ( deoxyadenosine monophosphate react to 572 volt in E. varii and 860 volt in E. voltai ). [ two ]

ecology and biography history

habitat

E. electricus constitute qualify to fresh water habitat in the guiana carapace. population indiana the amazon river basin, brazilian shield, and other share of the guiana shield are now think to belong to E. varii and E. voltai. [ twenty ]

feed ecology

E. electricus feed on invertebrate, although adult eel may besides consume fish and little mammal, such a rat. First-born hatchling eat other testis and embryo from belated seize. [ thirteen ] The juvenile eat invertebrate, such a shrimp and crab.

reproduction

E. electricus be know for information technology unusual breed behavior. inch the dry temper, ampere male eel make vitamin a nest from his saliva into which the female lay her egg. angstrom many angstrom 3,000 young think up from the egg in one cuddle. male grow to be large than female [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] aside about thirty-five curium ( fourteen in ). [ twenty-three ]

mention

far reading