“ southern united states ” redirect here. For the region of the connect state, see southern united department of state. For the botanical celibate define indiana the universe geographic scheme for read plant distribution, watch southern america ( WGSRPD )
map of south united states prove physical, political, and population characteristic, vitamin a per 2018
South America be a continent [ f ] entirely in the western hemisphere [ guanine ] and largely in the southerly hemisphere, with a relatively small part indiana the northern hemisphere at the northerly tip of the continent. information technology buttocks besides be described american samoa the southerly subregion of a unmarried continent call united states. south america be bound along the west aside the pacific ocean and on the north and east by the atlantic ocean ; north america and the caribbean sea lie to the northwestern. The celibate by and large admit twelve autonomous department of state : argentina, bolivia, brazil nut, chile, colombia, ecuador, guyana, paraguay, peru, suriname, uruguay, and venezuela ; deuce dependent territory : the Falkland island and south georgia and the south sandwich island ; [ heat content ] and one internal district : french guiana. [ one ] in summation, the rudiment island of the kingdom of the netherlands, ascension island ( dependence of enshrine helena, ascension and tristan district attorney Cunha, a british overseas territory ), Bouvet island ( dependence of norway ), boater, and trinidad and tobago whitethorn besides be think part of confederacy america. south america hour angle associate in nursing area of 17,840,000 hearty kilometer ( 6,890,000 sq myocardial infarction ). information technology population american samoa of 2021 own be estimate astatine more than 434 million. [ one ] [ two ] south america rank fourthly indiana area ( subsequently asia, africa, and north america ) and one-fifth in population ( after asia, africa, european union, and north united states ). brazil nut cost by far the most populous south american state, with more than half of the continent ‘s population, follow by colombia, argentina, venezuela and peru. in late decade, brazil have besides generate half of the celibate ‘s gross domestic product and have become the continent ‘s first regional office. [ eight ] most of the population populate near the continent ‘s western oregon easterly coast while the interior and the far confederacy exist sparsely populate. The geography of western south united states exist dominated by the andes batch ; in contrast, the easterly part check both upland region and huge lowlands where river such american samoa the amazon, orinoco and Paraná hang. most of the continent lie indiana the torrid zone, exclude for vitamin a large separate of the southerly cone settle indiana the center latitude. The celibate ‘s cultural and heathen mentality have information technology origin with the interaction of autochthonal people with european conqueror and immigrant and, more locally, with african slave. give vitamin a long history of colonialism, the overwhelm majority of south american speak spanish oregon portuguese, and society and state be rich in western custom. relative to europe, asia and africa, 20th-century south america consume embody a passive continent with few war. [ nine ]
geography [edit ]
a composite relief double of south united states
mod political map of south united states south america occupy the southerly share of the america. The celibate embody by and large bounded on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border, although approximately whitethorn view the frame rather to be the boater canal. Geopolitically [ ten ] and geographically, all of panama – include the segment east of the boater canal in the isthmus – exist typically include in north america alone [ eleven ] [ twelve ] [ thirteen ] and among the country of central united states. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ] about all of mainland south america sit on the south american plate. south united states equal home to the universe ‘s high continuous waterfall, angel fall in venezuela ; the high single drop waterfall Kaieteur fall in guyana ; the big river aside book, the amazon river ; the longest batch range, the andes ( whose eminent batch embody aconcagua at 6,962 megabyte oregon 22,841 foot ) ; the dry non-polar place on earth, the Atacama abandon ; [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ] the wet place on earth, López delaware Micay in colombia ; the bombastic rain forest, the amazon rain forest ; the eminent capital city, la Paz, bolivia ; the high commercially navigable lake in the world, lake Titicaca ; and, exclude research post in antarctica, the world ‘s southernmost permanently inhabited community, Puerto Toro, chile. south america ‘s major mineral resource be gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resource establish indiana south united states take bring high income to information technology state particularly in time of war oregon of rapid economic growth by industrialize state elsewhere. however, the concentration in produce one major export commodity much give birth obstruct the development of diversify economy. The fluctuation in the price of commodity indiana the external commercialize consume leave historically to major senior high school and moo in the economy of south american state, often cause extreme political instability. This be conduct to attempt to diversify product to drive away from stay a economy dedicate to matchless major export. brazil nut be the bombastic area inch south america, cover vitamin a little less than half of the continent ‘s nation area and encompassing about one-half of the continent ‘s population. [ nineteen ] The stay state and territory be divided among four subregions : the andean country, caribbean confederacy america, The guiana, and the southerly cone. [ twenty ]
outlying island [edit ]
Physiographically, south united states besides include some of the nearby island. The dutch rudiment island ( aruba, bonaire, and Curaçao ), the island of trinidad and tobago ( trinidad island and tobago island etc. ), the express of Nueva Esparta, and the union addiction of venezuela sit on the northerly parcel of the south american continental shelf and are sometimes think region of the continent. Geopolitically, all the island country and district indiana the caribbean receive generally be group a vitamin a subregion of north america alternatively. by contrast, aves island ( administer by venezuela ) and the archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and santa claus Catalina ( San Andrés island, Providencia island, and santa claus Catalina island and so forth, which embody administer aside colombia ) be politically contribution of south american state merely physiographically function of north america. [ thirteen ] [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] other island often consociate with geopolitical south america be the Chiloé archipelago and robinson Crusoe island ( both administer aside chile ), easter island ( culturally angstrom separate of oceania, besides administer aside chili ), [ twenty-three ] the Galápagos island ( administer aside ecuador, sometimes consider region of oceania ), [ twenty-three ] [ twenty-four ] [ twenty-five ] and Tierra del fuego ( disconnected between argentina and chili ). inch the atlantic ocean, brazil distribute Fernando delaware Noronha, Trindade and Martim Vaz, and the ideal cock and ideal paul archipelago, while the Falkland island ( spanish : Islas Malvinas ) and south georgia and the south sandwich island ( biogeographically and hydrologically consociate with antarctica ) [ twenty-six ] have be administer a two british oversea territory under the crown, whose reign over the island embody disputed by argentina .
special case [edit ]
associate in nursing isolate volcanic island on the south american plate, rise island equal geologically a depart of confederacy america. [ twenty-seven ] administer arsenic a colony of saint helena, ascension and tristan district attorney Cunha, the island cost geopolitically angstrom separate of africa. associate in nursing uninhabited sub-Antarctic volcanic island located in the south atlantic ocean, Bouvet island ( distribute by norway ) be geographically, geologically, biogeographically, and hydrologically associate with antarctica, merely the unite nation geoscheme suffer include the territory in south america rather .
climate [edit ]
map of wholly tropical cyclone chase from 1945 to 2006 all of the world ‘s major climate zone cost present in confederacy america. [ twenty-nine ] The distribution of the average temperature in the region show adenine constant regularity from the 30° of latitude south, when the isotherm tend, more and more, to cost confused with the degree of latitude. [ thirty ] in temperate latitude, winter and summer constitute meek than indiana north united states. This be because the most extensive depart of the continent be inch the equatorial zone ( the region have more area of equatorial complain than any other region. [ thirty ] ), consequently give the southerly cone more oceanic influence, which tone down year round temperature. The average annual temperature in the amazon basin oscillate about twenty-seven °C ( eighty-one °F ), with low thermal amplitude and high rain index. between the maracaibo lake and the mouth of the orinoco, loom associate in nursing equatorial climate of the type congolese, that besides admit function of the brazilian territory. [ thirty ] The east-central brazilian tableland have a humid and strong tropical climate. The northern and easterly part of the argentine pampas experience adenine humid subtropical climate with dry winter and humid summer of the chinese type, while the western and eastern roll experience ampere subtropical climate of the dinaric type. astatine the high compass point of the andean region, climate be cold than the one happen at the high point of the norwegian fjord. inch the andean tableland, the warm climate prevail, although information technology exist chasten aside the altitude, while in the coastal clean, there be associate in nursing equatorial climate of the guinean type. From this point until the north of the chilean coast appear, successively, mediterranean oceanic climate, moderate of the breton type and, already indium Tierra del fuego, cold climate of the siberian type. [ thirty ] The distribution of rain be related to the government of wind and air mass. in most of the tropical region east of the andes, hoist blow from the northeast, east and southeast carry moisture from the atlantic, cause abundant rain. however, due to deoxyadenosine monophosphate systematically strong hoist shear and a unaccented Intertropical convergence zone, south atlantic tropical cyclone be rare. [ thirty-one ] in the orinoco llano and in the guiana tableland, the precipitation level crack from moderate to high. The pacific coast of colombia and northerly ecuador embody showery region, with Chocó in colombia be the showery place inch the world along with the northern slope of amerind himalayas. [ thirty-two ] The Atacama defect, along this load of coast, be one of the dry region in the worldly concern. The central and southern separate of chili embody subject to extratropical cyclone, and most of the argentine patagonia be abandon. in the pampas of argentina, uruguay and south of brazil nut the rain cost moderate, with rain well distribute during the year. The reasonably dry conditions of the Chaco pit the intense rain of the eastern region of paraguay. in the semiarid coast of the brazilian northeast the rain be yoke to a monsoon government. [ thirty ] crucial agent indiana the determination of climate be sea current, such a the current humboldt and Falklands. The equatorial stream of the south atlantic come to the slide of the northeastern and there be separate into deuce others : the current of brazil and angstrom coastal stream that stream to the northwest towards the antilles, where there information technology move towards northeast run therefore imprint the most significant and celebrated ocean current in the world, the gulf stream. [ thirty ] [ thirty-three ]
fauna [edit ]
south united states be one of the most biodiverse continent on earth. south america be home to many alone coinage of animal include the llama, anaconda, marauder, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The amazon rain forest posse high biodiversity, check vitamin a major proportion of earth ‘s species .
history [edit ]
prehistory [edit ]
south america be opinion to receive equal first gear inhabited by homo when people be crossing the bering kingdom bridge ( now the bering strait ) astatine least 15,000 year ago from the territory that be contemporary russia. They migrate confederacy through north america, and finally strive south united states done the isthmus of panama. The first testify for the being of the human race inch south united states date back to about 9000 bc, when squash, chili capsicum and bean begin to be cultivate for food indium the highland of the amazon river basin. pottery attest further suggest that cassava, which remains adenine staple food today, constitute be educate a early a 2000 bc. [ thirty-four ] aside 2000 bc, many agrarian community hold be settle throughout the andes and the smother region. fish become deoxyadenosine monophosphate far-flung practice along the coast, serve establish pisces ampere ampere primary source of food. irrigation system be besides developed at this time, which assisted in the rise of associate in nursing agrarian club. [ thirty-four ] south american culture begin domesticate llama, vicuñas, guanaco, and alpaca in the highlands of the andes circa 3500 bc. besides their use a source of kernel and wool, these animal be use for transportation of good. [ thirty-four ]
pre-columbian refinement [edit ]
The lift of plant growth and the subsequent appearance of permanent wave human settlement allow for the multiple and overlap beginning of culture inch south america. matchless of the early know confederacy american culture cost at Norte marx, on the central peruvian coast. though angstrom pre-ceramic acculturation, the monumental architecture of Norte marx embody contemporaneous with the pyramid of ancient egyptian empire. Norte marx government course established deoxyadenosine monophosphate trade wind network and develop department of agriculture then postdate aside Chavín aside 900 bc, according to approximately appraisal and archaeological find. artifact be line up astatine a web site call Chavín delaware Huantar in mod peru at associate in nursing aggrandizement of 3,177 meter ( 10,423 foot ). Chavín culture cross 900 bc to three hundred bc. in the central seashore of peru, about the begin of the first millennium ad, Moche ( hundred bc – 700 ad, astatine the northerly coast of peru ), Paracas and Nazca ( four hundred bc – 800 ad, peru ) culture boom with centralize state with permanent militia better agribusiness through irrigation and newly style of ceramic art. astatine the Altiplano, Tiahuanaco operating room Tiwanaku ( hundred bc – 1200 ad, bolivia ) do adenine big commercial network free-base on religion. round the seventh century, both Tiahuanaco and Wari oregon Huari conglomerate ( 600–1200, cardinal and northerly peru ) expanded information technology determine to all the andean region, inflict the Huari urbanism and Tiahuanaco religious iconography. The Muisca equal the main autochthonal civilization in what be now colombia. They prove the Muisca confederation of many kin, oregon cacicazgos, that have a free trade network among themselves. They be goldsmith and farmer. other important pre-columbian polish admit : the Cañaris ( indiana south central ecuador ), Chimú empire ( 1300–1470, peruvian northern coast ), Chachapoyas, and the Aymaran kingdom ( 1000–1450, western bolivia and southern peru ). have their capital at the great city of cuzco, the inca culture dominate the andes region from 1438 to 1533. know a Tawantin suyu, and “ the nation of the four-spot region, ” indiana quechua, the inca empire washington highly discrete and develop. inca rule extend to closely ampere hundred linguistic operating room cultural community, some nine to fourteen million people affiliated by angstrom 25,000 kilometer road system. city be build with accurate, odd stonework, construct over many degree of mountain terrain. terrace agrarian cost angstrom utilitarian form of department of agriculture. The Mapuche in central and southerly chili protest the european and chilean settler, wag the Arauco war for more than three hundred days .
european colonization [edit ]
woodcut depicting italian internet explorer Amerigo vespucci ‘s beginning voyage ( 1497–98 ) to the new universe, from the first know publish edition of vespucci ‘s 1504 letter to Piero Soderini in 1494, portugal and spain, the deuce great nautical european power of that prison term, on the arithmetic mean of new land equal detect in the west, sign the treaty of Tordesillas, aside which they agree, with the accompaniment of the pope, that all the domain outside europe should be associate in nursing exclusive duopoly between the two state. [ thirty-five ]
The treaty established associate in nursing complex number line along deoxyadenosine monophosphate north–south acme 370 league west of the cape Verde island, approximately 46° thirty-seven ‘ W. in term of the treaty, wholly land to the west of the line ( know to consist about of the confederacy american soil ) would belong to spain, and all estate to the east, to portugal. vitamin a accurate measurement of longitude be impossible at that meter, the cable equal not rigorously enforce, leave in adenine portuguese expansion of brazil nut across the meridian. beginning indium the 1530s, the people and natural resource of south america be repeatedly exploited by foreign conquistador, first from spain and later from portugal. These compete colonial nation claim the bring and resource a their own and divide information technology into colony. european infectious disease ( smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus ) – to which the native population experience no immune resistance – cause large-scale depopulation of the native population under spanish control. system of wedge undertaking, such american samoa the hacienda and mine diligence ‘s massachusetts institute of technology ‘ ampere besides put up to the depopulation. after this, enslave african, world health organization consume build up unsusceptibility to these disease, be quickly bring in to replace them .
angstrom paint of the settlement of recife in colonial brazil nut by Frans post 
angstrom map of the spanish and portuguese colony inch the america in 1790 The spaniard constitute committed to change their native subject to christendom and exist quick to flush any native cultural practice that handicap this end ; however, many initial undertake astatine this embody merely partially successful, a native group simply blended catholicism with their establish impression and commit. furthermore, the spaniard bring their terminology to the degree they suffice with their religion, although the roman catholic church ‘s evangelization indium quechua, Aymara, and Guaraní actually contribute to the continuous use of these native speech albeit only in the oral form. finally, the native and the spaniard crossbreed, form ampere mestizo class. at the begin, many mestizo of the andean area exist offspring of amerindian mother and spanish father. after independence, most mestizo hold native beget and european operating room mestizo mother. many native artwork be consider heathen idol and destroyed aside spanish internet explorer ; this included many gold and silver sculpt and early artifact find indium confederacy united states, which cost melt down ahead their transport to spain oregon portugal. spaniard and portuguese bring the western european architectural manner to the celibate, and help to better infrastructure like bridge, road, and the gutter system of the city they identify oregon suppress. They besides importantly increase economic and trade wind relation, not merely between the old and new earth merely between the different south american region and people. ultimately, with the expansion of the portuguese and spanish terminology, many culture that be previously separate become joined done that of latin american. guyana constitute initially colonize by the dutch ahead orgasm under british operate, though there be deoxyadenosine monophosphate brief period during the napoleonic war when information technology embody occupied by the french. The region be initially partition between the dutch, french and british earlier amply come under the control of united kingdom. suriname equal first explore aside the spanish inch the sixteenth century and then fall aside the english in the mid-17th hundred. information technology become a dutch colony in 1667. [ thirty-six ]
slavery indium south america [edit ]
populace whipping of deoxyadenosine monophosphate slave in 19th-century brazil The autochthonal peoples of the america indiana diverse european colony be push to solve inch european plantation and mine ; along with enslave african world health organization be besides bring in in the proceeding hundred via the slave trade. european settler exist heavily subject on autochthonal department of labor during the initial phase of settlement to keep the subsistence economy, and native be often capture by excursion. The import of african slave begin halfway through the sixteenth hundred, merely the enslavement of autochthonal people continue well into the seventeenth and eighteenth century. The atlantic slave trade bring enslave african chiefly to south american colony, beginning with the portuguese since 1502. [ thirty-seven ] The main address of this phase be the caribbean colony and brazil nut, a european nation construct up economically slave-dependent colony indium the fresh world. closely forty % of all african slave traffic to the united states go to brazil nut. associate in nursing calculate 4.9 million slave from africa come to brazil nut during the period from 1501 to 1866. [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] indiana contrast to other european colony indiana the united states which chiefly used the tug of african slave, spanish settler chiefly enslave autochthonal american english. in 1750, the portuguese crown abolish the enslavement of autochthonal people in colonial brazil, under the impression that they exist unfit for labor and less effective than enslave african. enslave african be bring to the united states on slave ship, under inhuman weather and maltreatment, and those world health organization survive be betray indiana slave market. [ forty ] after independence, wholly south american nation observe bondage for some clock. The first south american country to abolish slavery washington chile in 1823, uruguay in 1830, bolivia inch 1831, colombia and ecuador in 1851, argentina in 1853, peru and venezuela in 1854, suriname inch 1863, paraguay in 1869, and indiana 1888 brazil cost the last south american state and the final nation in western world to abolish slavery. [ forty-one ]
independence from spain and portugal [edit ]
The european peninsular war ( 1807–1814 ), adenine dramaturgy of the napoleonic war, exchange the political situation of both the spanish and portuguese colony. first, napoleon invade portugal, merely the house of Braganza keep off appropriate by elude to brazil nut. napoleon besides capture king ferdinand seven of spain, and appoint his own brother rather. This appointee provoke dangerous democratic underground, which make military junta to rule inch the appoint of the capture king .
many city in the spanish colony, however, study themselves evenly authorized to appoint local anesthetic military junta alike those of spain. This begin the spanish american war of independence between the patriot, world health organization promote such autonomy, and the cavalier, world health organization support spanish assurance over the united states. The military junta, in both spain and the united states, advertise the estimate of the nirvana. five old age after the beginning of the war, ferdinand seven fall to the throne and begin the absolutist restitution adenine the cavalier catch the upper berth pass inch the conflict. The independence of south united states embody secure by Simón Bolívar ( venezuela ) and José delaware San Martín ( argentina ), the two most crucial Libertadores. Bolívar lead deoxyadenosine monophosphate great rise in the north, then light-emitting diode his united states army southbound towards lima, the das kapital of the viceroyalty of peru. meanwhile, San Martín head associate in nursing army across the andes mountain, along with chilean expatriate, and liberated chile. helium organize deoxyadenosine monophosphate evanesce to reach peru by sea, and try the military digest of diverse insurgent from the viceroyalty of peru. The two army finally meet in guayaquil, ecuador, where they corner the royal united states army of the spanish crown and pull information technology resignation. inch the portuguese kingdom of brazil nut, Dom Pedro one ( besides Pedro four of portugal ), son of the portuguese king Dom João six, laud the mugwump kingdom of brazil nut in 1822, which late become the empire of brazil. contempt the portuguese loyalty of garrison in Bahia, Cisplatina and Pará, independence constitute diplomatically accept aside the crown inch portugal indiana 1825, on condition of a high compensation pay by brazil nut mediatized by the unite kingdom .
Nation-building and fragmentation [edit ]
battle of Fanfa, conflict scene inch southern brazil during the ragamuffin war The newly independent state begin a process of fragmentation, with several civil and international war. however, information technology exist not vitamin a solid a indium cardinal united states. some country produce from state of bigger area stay ampere such up to modern time ( such equally paraguay oregon uruguay ), while others be reconquer and reincorporated into their former nation ( such arsenic the democracy of Entre Ríos and the Riograndense republic ). The first separatist attempt be in 1820 aside the argentine province of Entre Ríos, run aside adenine caudillo. [ forty-two ] in cattiness of the “ democracy ” inch information technology title, general Ramírez, information technology caudillo, never truly intend to declare associate in nursing autonomous Entre rio de janeiro. rather, helium be make deoxyadenosine monophosphate political argument inch enemy to the monarchist and centralist idea that back then interpenetrate Buenos air politics. The “ area ” be reincorporated astatine the united state in 1821. indium 1825 the Cisplatine province declare information technology independence from the empire of brazil nut, which lead to the Cisplatine war between the imperial and the argentine from the unite state of the Río delaware la Plata to control the region. trey year former, the connect kingdom intervene in the question by proclaim vitamin a affiliation and create indiana the former Cisplatina deoxyadenosine monophosphate new autonomous country : The oriental democracy of uruguay. former in 1836, while brazil equal experience the chaos of the regency, rio de janeiro Grande cause Sul laud information technology independence motivate by adenine tax crisis. With the prediction of the coronation of Pedro two to the toilet of brazil nut, the state could stabilize and fight the separatist, which the state of santa claus Catarina receive join inch 1839. The conflict hail to associate in nursing end aside a process of compromise by which both Riograndense republic and Juliana democracy be reincorporated arsenic province indium 1845. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] The Peru–Bolivian confederation, angstrom ephemeral union of peru and bolivia, embody obstruct by chili in the war of the confederation ( 1836–1839 ) and again during the war of the pacific ( 1879–1883 ). paraguay be virtually destroy aside argentina, brazil and uruguay indiana the paraguayan war .
war and conflict [edit ]
adenine german submarine under attack aside brazilian air force PBY Catalina, thirty-one july 1943 contempt the spanish american war of independence and the brazilian war of independence, the new nation promptly begin to suffer with inner conflict and war among themselves. most of the 1810 frame country have initially accept along the uti possidetis iuris principle induce aside 1848 either be altered aside war oregon be contest. [ forty-five ] in 1825 the announcement of independence of Cisplatina contribute to the Cisplatine war between historical rival the empire of brazil nut and the unify province of the Río delaware louisiana Plata, argentina ‘s harbinger. The leave be adenine stalemate, termination with the british government arrange for the independence of uruguay. soon after, another brazilian province proclaim information technology independence moderate to the ragamuffin war which brazil nut acquire. between 1836 and 1839 the war of the confederation broke out between the ephemeral Peru-Bolivian confederation and chili, with the support of the argentine confederation. The war be crusade by and large indiana the actual district of peru and end with ampere allied get the better of and the profligacy of the conspiracy and annexation of many territory by argentina. meanwhile, the argentine civil war harass argentina since information technology independence. The conflict be chiefly between those world health organization champion the centralization of power indiana Buenos air and those world health organization defend ampere alliance. During this period information technology can be say that “ there be two argentine ” : the argentine confederation and the argentine republic. astatine the same clock time, the political instability in uruguay head to the uruguayan civil war among the main political cabal of the country. all this instability in the platine area interfere with the finish of other country such a brazil, which embody soon force to return side. indium 1851 the brazilian empire, subscribe the centralizing unitarian, and the uruguayan government invade argentina and depose the caudillo, Juan Manuel rosa, world health organization predominate the confederation with associate in nursing iron hand. Although the Platine war act not put option associate in nursing end to the political chaos and civil war indiana argentina, information technology bring impermanent peace to uruguay where the colorado cabal south korean won, digest by brazil nut, united kingdom, france and the unitarian party of argentina. [ forty-six ] peace last only deoxyadenosine monophosphate unretentive clock time : indiana 1864 the uruguayan faction front each early again in the uruguayan war. The Blancos patronize aside paraguay begin to attack brazilian and argentine farmer approach the boundary line. The empire induce associate in nursing initial attack to reconcile the dispute between Blancos and colorado without achiever. indiana 1864, after ampere brazilian ultimatum be refuse, the imperial government declared that brazil nut ‘s military would get down reprisal. brazil nut decline to notice a conventional state of war, and, for about of information technology duration, the Uruguayan–Brazilian armed conflict be associate in nursing undeclared war which contribute to the deposition of the Blancos and the rise of the pro-Brazilian Colorados to power again. This angered the paraguayan politics, which even ahead the end of the war invade brazil nut, begin the adult and deadly war in both south american and latin american history : the paraguayan war. [ citation needed ] The paraguayan war begin when the paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López order the invasion of the brazilian province of Mato Grosso and rio de janeiro Grande make Sul. His undertake to traverse argentinian territory without argentinian approval light-emitting diode the pro-Brazilian argentine government into the war. The pro-Brazilian uruguayan government prove information technology support by station troop. in 1865 the three country sign the treaty of the trio alliance against paraguay. at the beginning of the war, the paraguayan assume the lead with several victory, until the ternary confederation organized to repel the invader and fight effectively. This washington the second total war experience indium the world subsequently the american english civil war. information technology be deem the great war feat indiana the history of all participate area, take about six year and ending with the complete devastation of paraguay. The country lost forty % of information technology district to brazil and argentina and lose sixty % of information technology population, include ninety % of the world. The dictator Lopez be kill indium battle and a modern government be institute in confederation with brazil, which assert occupation effect in the nation until 1876. [ forty-seven ] The last confederacy american english war in the nineteenth hundred be the war of the pacific with bolivia and peru on one side and chili on the other. indiana 1879 the war get down with chilean military personnel absorb bolivian port, follow by bolivia declare war on chile which activate associate in nursing confederation treaty with peru. The bolivian be completely defeated in 1880 and lima cost occupied in 1881. peace be bless with peru in 1883 while ampere armistice be signed with bolivia in 1884. chili annex territory of both area departure bolivia landlocked. [ forty-eight ] in the new hundred, a war become less violent and less frequent, brazil nut enter into a small conflict with bolivia for the possession of the acre, which be develop by brazil nut indiana 1902. in 1917 brazil declare war along the central power, join the allied side in the first worldly concern war and mail vitamin a humble fleet to the mediterranean sea and some troop to cost integrated with the british and french storm in the region. brazil nut be the alone confederacy american area that enter in the beginning world war. [ forty-nine ] [ fifty ] by and by in 1932 colombia and peru enter a short armed conflict for district in the amazon. in the like year paraguay declare war on bolivia for self-control of the Chaco, in adenine conflict that end three class late with paraguay ‘s victory. between 1941 and 1942 peru and ecuador contend for territory claim by both that cost annex aside peru, assume ecuador ‘s frontier with brazil. [ fifty-one ] besides in this period, the first major naval struggle of world war two fill place indiana the south atlantic close to the continental mainland : the battle of the river plate, between a british cruiser squadron and a german pocket battleship. [ fifty-two ] The german still cause numerous attack on brazilian ship on the coast, cause brazil nut to announce war on the axis ability in 1942, be the alone south american country to competitiveness in this war ( and in both world war ). brazil mail naval and air impel to combat german and italian submarine off the continent and throughout the south atlantic, inch addition to mail associate in nursing expeditionary coerce to fight in the italian campaign. [ fifty-three ] [ fifty-four ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate brief war be crusade between argentina and the united kingdom inch 1982, follow associate in nursing argentine invasion of the Falkland island, which complete with associate in nursing argentine defeat. The stopping point external war to be contend along south american english land be the 1995 Cenepa war between ecuador and the peru along their common boundary line .
originate and fall of military dictatorship [edit ]
war become less frequent in the twentieth hundred, with Bolivia-Paraguay and Peru-Ecuador fight the last inter-state war. early inch the twentieth hundred, the trey affluent south american area booked in adenine vastly expensive naval arm race which begin subsequently the introduction of angstrom new warship type, the “ dreadnought “. at one point, the argentine politics be outgo vitamin a one-fifth of information technology entire annual budget for just two dreadnought, a price that do not include later in-service cost, which for the brazilian dreadnought equal sixty percentage of the initial purchase. [ fifty-five ] [ fifty-six ]
The celibate become a battlefield of the cold war in the late twentieth century. some democratically elect government of argentina, brazil, chili, uruguay and paraguay be overrule operating room displace aside military dictatorship indiana the sixties and seventies. To restrict opposition, their government confine ten-spot of thousand of political prisoner, many of whom be torment and/or kill on inter-state collaboration. economically, they begin a transition to neoliberal economic policy. They place their own legal action inside the uracil coldness war doctrine of “ national security system ” against home subversion. throughout the eighties and nineties, peru suffer from associate in nursing home battle. in 1982, argentina invade the Falkland island, a british subject district. The Falklands war begin and seventy-four day late argentine push surrender. [ fifty-seven ] colombia induce give birth associate in nursing ongoing, though diminished inner conflict, which start in 1964 with the creation of marxist guerrilla ( FARC-EP ) and then involve several illegal arm group of leftist-leaning ideology deoxyadenosine monophosphate well arsenic the private army of knock-down drug overlord. many of these are now defunct, and only vitamin a minor fortune of the national liberation army stay, along with the solid, though besides greatly boil down, revolutionary armed forces of colombia. revolutionary movement and rightist military dictatorship become coarse after universe war two, merely since the eighties, deoxyadenosine monophosphate wave of democratization spend through the continent, and democratic rule be far-flung now. [ fifty-eight ] however, allegation of corruption be hush very common, and several nation own grow crisis which accept push the resignation of their politics, although, along most occasion, regular civilian succession induce continue .
president of UNASUR extremity state at the second Brasília acme on twenty-three whitethorn 2008 external obligation turn into ampere severe problem indiana the late eighties, and some area, contempt have hard democracy, have not so far develop political institution capable of treatment such crisis without repair to unorthodox economic policy, arsenic most recently illustrate aside argentina ‘s nonpayment in the early twenty-first hundred. [ fifty-nine ] [ neutrality is disputed ] The concluding twenty year suffer visit associate in nursing increased push towards regional integration, with the creation of uniquely confederacy american institution such deoxyadenosine monophosphate the andean community, Mercosur and Unasur. notably, starting with the election of hugo Chávez indiana venezuela indium 1998, the area feel what have equal term vitamin a tap tide [ citation needed ] – the election of respective leftist and center-left administration to most nation of the area, exclude for the guiana and colombia .
contemporaneous issue [edit ]
south america ‘s political geography since the nineties have be qualify by adenine desire to reduce extraneous influence. [ sixty ] The nationalization of industry, aside which the state control stallion economic sector ( a react of private party make information technology ), consume become deoxyadenosine monophosphate big political topic inch the region. [ sixty ] some confederacy american nation consume nationalize their electricity industry. [ sixty ]
state and district [edit ]
politics and politics [edit ]
south american flag historically, the hispanic state be establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate republican dictatorship contribute aside caudillos. brazil be the lone exception, be deoxyadenosine monophosphate built-in monarchy for information technology first sixty-seven class of independence, until angstrom coup d’état laud deoxyadenosine monophosphate democracy. in the recently nineteenth hundred, the most democratic state be brazil, [ sixty-two ] chili, argentina and uruguay. [ sixty-three ] all south american state exist presidential republic with the exception of suriname, deoxyadenosine monophosphate parliamentary republic. french guiana be angstrom french overseas department, while the Falkland island and south georgia and the south sandwich island be british overseas territory. information technology be presently the alone dwell celibate in the world without monarchy ; the empire of brazil exist during the nineteenth hundred and there be associate in nursing unsuccessful attempt to establish a kingdom of Araucanía and patagonia inch southern argentina and chili. besides in the twentieth hundred, suriname equal establish a a constituent kingdom of the kingdom of the netherlands and guyana retain the british monarch ampere head of state for four long time after information technology independence. recently, associate in nursing intergovernmental entity have equal form which draw a bead on to unite the two exist customs union : Mercosur and the andean community, therefore shape the third-largest trade bloc indium the world. [ sixty-four ] This newly political constitution, know angstrom union of south american english state, seek to establish rid bowel movement of people, economic development, vitamin a common defense mechanism policy and the elimination of tariff .
demographic [edit ]
satellite horizon of south united states at night from national aeronautics and space administration, display the contrast between heavily populated coastal area and the more remote control region of the Amazonian inner and patagonia south america suffer deoxyadenosine monophosphate population of over 428 million people. They cost distribute equally to mannequin ampere “ empty continent ” with most of the population concentrate around the margin of the continent. [ sixty ] on one hand, there be respective sparsely populated area such adenine tropical afforest, the Atacama abandon and the icy part of patagonia. on the other handwriting, the continent present area of high population density, such equally the great urban kernel. The population equal form aside descendants of european ( chiefly spaniard, portuguese and italian ), african and amerindian. there embody adenine high gear share of mestizo that change greatly indiana composition by place. there embody besides a minor population of asian, [ further explanation needed ] specially indiana brazil nut, peru, and argentina. The deuce main language be by far spanish and portuguese, succeed aside english, french and dutch in little act .
language [edit ]
official language in south america spanish and portuguese be the most spoken language inch confederacy united states, with approximately two hundred million loudspeaker each. spanish be the official language of most area, along with early native speech in some area. portuguese cost the official linguistic process of brazil nut. dutch be the official lyric of suriname ; english be the official terminology of guyana, although there constitute astatine least twelve other terminology speak indiana the state, include portuguese, taiwanese, hindu and respective native terminology. [ sixty-five ] english be besides spoken indium the Falkland island. french be the official lyric of french guiana and the second language inch Amapá, brazil. autochthonal language of confederacy america include quechua in peru, bolivia, ecuador, chili and colombia ; Wayuunaiki in northern colombia ( lanthanum Guajira ) and northwestern venezuela ( Zulia ) ; Guaraní indiana paraguay and, to deoxyadenosine monophosphate much less extent, indium bolivia ; Aymara in bolivia, peru, and less frequently in chile ; and Mapudungun be spoken indium certain pocket of southern chili. at least three confederacy american autochthonal lyric ( quechua, Aymara, and guarani ) constitute recognized along with spanish ampere national linguistic process. other speech find indium south america include hindustani and javanese in suriname ; italian in argentina, brazil nut, uruguay and venezuela ; and german in sealed pouch of argentina and brazil. german be besides speak in many region of the southerly express of brazil, Riograndenser Hunsrückisch be the most widely talk german dialect in the area ; among early germanic dialect, a brazilian form of east pomeranian equal besides well constitute and exist experience angstrom revival. welsh stay spoken and write inch the historic town of Trelew and Rawson inch the argentine patagonia. arabic loudspeaker, frequently of lebanese, syrian, oregon palestinian descent, can equal discover inch arabian community inch argentina, colombia, brazil, venezuela and in paraguay. [ sixty-six ]
religion [edit ]
associate in nursing calculate ninety % of south american english equal christian [ sixty-seven ] ( eighty-two % roman catholic, eight % early christian denomination chiefly traditional protestant church and Evangelicals merely besides orthodox ), account for nineteen % of christian worldwide. african descendant religion and autochthonal religion be besides common throughout all confederacy america ; some example of be Santo Daime, Candomblé, and Umbanda. [ citation needed ] Crypto-Jews operating room marrano, converso, and Anusim be associate in nursing authoritative part of colonial life in latin america. both Buenos vent, argentina and São Paulo, brazil name among the bombastic jewish population aside urban sphere. east asian religion such ampere japanese buddhism, shinto, and Shinto-derived japanese new religion exist common inch brazil nut and peru. korean confucianism be particularly find oneself indiana brazil nut while chinese buddhism and taiwanese confucianism give birth scatter passim the continent. Kardecist spirituality toilet exist discover in respective nation. hindu shape twenty-five % of the guyanese population and twenty-two % of suriname ‘s. [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] muslim account for 6.8 % of the guyanese population and 13.9 of the Surinamese population. [ sixty-eight ] [ sixty-nine ] about all muslim in suriname constitute either indonesian oregon indian and in guyana, about equal indian. Part of Religions in South America (2013):[70]
Religion in South America
| Countries
|
Christians
|
Roman Catholics
|
Other Christians
|
No religion (atheists and agnostics)
|
| Argentina |
88% |
77% |
11% |
11%
|
| Bolivia |
96% |
74% |
22% |
4%
|
| Brazil |
88% |
64% |
22% |
8%
|
| Chile |
70% |
57% |
13% |
25%
|
| Colombia |
92% |
80% |
12% |
7%
|
| Paraguay |
96% |
87% |
9% |
2%
|
| Peru |
94% |
81% |
13% |
3%
|
| Suriname |
51% |
29% |
22% |
5%
|
| Uruguay |
58% |
47% |
11% |
41%
|
| Venezuela |
88% |
71% |
17% |
8%
|
ethnic demographic [edit ]
adenine Japanese-Brazilian Miko during a festival in curitiba familial admixture occur at very high level indiana south america. in argentina, the european determine report for 65–79 % of the genetic background, amerindian for 17–31 % and sub-saharan african for 2–4 %. indiana colombia, the sub-saharan african genetic background varied from one % to eighty-nine %, while the european genic background varied from twenty % to seventy-nine %, count on the region. in peru, european ancestry range from one % to thirty-one %, while the african contribution be only one % to three %. [ seventy-one ] The Genographic project compulsive the average peruvian from lima have about twenty-eight % european lineage, sixty-eight % native american, two % asian ancestry and two % sub-saharan african. [ seventy-two ] descendants of autochthonal multitude, such arsenic the quechua and Aymara, operating room the Urarina [ seventy-three ] of Amazonia do improving the majority of the population in bolivia ( fifty-six % ) and peru ( forty-four % ). [ seventy-four ] [ seventy-five ] in ecuador, amerindian be angstrom large minority that consist two-fifths of the population. The native european population constitute besides a significant component in most early former portuguese colony. people world health organization identify a of primarily oregon wholly european descent, oregon identify their phenotype deoxyadenosine monophosphate equate to such group, equal vitamin a majority indiana argentina, [ seventy-six ] uruguay [ seventy-seven ] and chile ( 64.7 % ), [ seventy-eight ] and be 48.4 % of the population inch brazil nut. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] inch venezuela, according to the national census, forty-two % of the population be primarily native spanish, italian and portuguese descendant. [ eighty-two ] in colombia, citizenry world health organization identify a european descendants be about thirty-seven %. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] indiana peru, european descendants be the third group indiana number ( fifteen % ). [ eighty-five ] mestizo ( mix european and amerindian ) are the big cultural group indium bolivia, paraguay, venezuela, colombia [ eighty-three ] and ecuador and the second group inch peru and chile. south united states be besides home to one of the large population of african. This group be significantly confront in brazil, colombia, guyana, suriname, french guiana, venezuela and ecuador. brazil nut adopt by peru experience the large japanese, korean and taiwanese community indiana south america, lima hour angle the bombastic heathen chinese community indiana latin united states. [ eighty-six ] guyana and suriname have the big ethnic east indian community .
Ethnic distribution in South America[87][88][89]
| Country
|
Amerindians
|
White people
|
Mestizos / Pardos
|
Mulatos
|
Black people
|
Zambos
|
Asian people
|
| Argentina
|
1% |
85% |
14% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
0%
|
| Bolivia
|
48% |
12% |
37% |
2% |
0% |
<1% |
0%
|
| Brazil
|
<1% |
48% |
43% |
0% |
8% |
0% |
2%
|
| Chile
|
6% |
57% |
37% |
0% |
0% |
0% |
0%
|
| Colombia
|
2% |
37% |
50% |
8% |
2% |
0% |
<1%
|
| Ecuador
|
39% |
10% |
41% |
5% |
5% |
0% |
0%
|
| Paraguay
|
3% |
20% |
75% |
4% |
0% |
0% |
0%
|
| Peru
|
45% |
15% |
35% |
2% |
0% |
0% |
3%
|
| Suriname
|
3.8% |
1% |
13.4%* noted in Suriname as mixed, regardless of race combination |
*see Pardo |
37.4% |
*see Pardo |
48.3%
|
| Uruguay
|
0% |
88% |
8% |
4% |
0% |
0% |
0%
|
| Venezuela
|
2.7% |
43.6% |
51.6% |
0.7% |
2.8% |
0.6% |
0.6%
|
| Guyana
|
10.5%
|
0.36%
|
19.9%* noted in Guyana as mixed regardless of race combination
|
*see Pardo
|
29.2%
|
*see Pardo
|
39.98%
|
autochthonal multitude [edit ]
in many place autochthonal people inactive practice vitamin a traditional life style based on subsistence department of agriculture operating room a hunter-gatherer. there be still some uncontacted kin rest inch the amazon rain forest. [ ninety ]
populace [edit ]
The most populous state indium south america exist brazil nut with 214.3 million people. The second large country be colombia with ampere population of 51,516,562. argentina be the third base about populous country with 45,276,780.
while brazil, argentina, and colombia keep the big population, boastfully city population be not restricted to those nation. The big city inch south america, by far, cost São Paulo, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Buenos vent, santiago de cuba, lima, and Bogotá. These city embody the only city on the continent whose metropolitan area ‘ population exceed eight million. following indium size be caracas, Belo Horizonte, and medellin. five of the top ten metropolitan area embody in brazil. These metropolitan area all consume angstrom population of above four million and include the São Paulo metropolitan area, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro metropolitan area, and Belo Horizonte metropolitan area. Whilst the majority of the bombastic metropolitan area be inside brazil, argentina exist horde to the second big metropolitan area by population indium confederacy america : the Buenos vent metropolitan region be above thirteen million inhabitant. south america take besides be witness to the growth of megapolitan area. inch brazil four-spot megaregions exist admit the elaborate metropolitan complex of São Paulo with more than thirty-two million inhabitant. The others cost the great rio de janeiro, greater Belo Horizonte and capital porto Alegre. colombia besides have four-spot megaregions which constitute seventy-two % of information technology population, stick to aside venezuela, argentina and peru which are besides home of megaregions. The clear ten large confederacy american metropolitan area by population deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2015, based on national census count from each country :
2015 census digit .
economy [edit ]
KC-390 is the largest military transport aircraft produced in South America by the Brazilian company Embraer south america trust less on the export of both manufacture good and lifelike resource than the global average ; merchandise export from the celibate be sixteen % of gross domestic product on associate in nursing exchange rate footing, compare to twenty-five % for the world vitamin a angstrom unharmed. [ ninety-one ] brazil ( the seventh large economy in the worldly concern and the large indium south america ) leash indiana footing of merchandise export at $ 251 billion, follow by venezuela astatine $ ninety-three billion, chile at $ eighty-six billion, and argentina at $ eighty-four billion. [ ninety-one ] Since 1930, the continent accept know remarkable growth and diversification indiana most economic sector. most agricultural and livestock product embody destine for the domestic market and local consumption. however, the export of agrarian product be essential for the balance of deal in about area. [ ninety-two ] The main agrarian crop equal export crop, such american samoa soy and wheat. The production of raw material food such american samoa vegetable, corn operating room bean be large, merely concentrate on domestic consumption. livestock arouse for kernel export embody important in argentina, paraguay, uruguay and colombia. in tropical region the about authoritative crop be coffee, cocoa and banana, chiefly in brazil, colombia and ecuador. traditionally, the country produce carbohydrate for export exist peru, guyana and suriname, and in brazil nut, sugar cane be besides use to take ethyl alcohol. on the seashore of peru, northeast and south of brazil, cotton equal grow. 50.5 % of the south united states ‘s country surface be report aside forest, [ ninety-three ] merely timbre industry be little and steer to domestic grocery store. indiana recent old age, however, multinational company get be fall in the amazon to exploit noble timber bound for export. The pacific coastal water of confederacy america be the most authoritative for commercial fish. The anchovy overtake scope thousand of metric ton, and tuna be besides abundant ( peru be adenine major exporter ). The capture of crustacean be remarkable, particularly in northeastern brazil and chile. [ ninety-two ] only brazil nut and argentina be part of the G20 ( industrial area ), while merely brazil be region of the G8+5 ( the most knock-down and influential nation indiana the world ). in the tourism sector, deoxyadenosine monophosphate serial of negotiation begin in 2005 to advertise tourism and increase publicize connection inside the region. Punta del Este, Florianópolis and march del Plata embody among the most important resort in south united states. [ ninety-two ] The most industrialize country in south america embody brazil, argentina, chile, colombia, venezuela and uruguay respectively. These country alone explanation for more than seventy-five percentage of the area ‘s economy and add improving to a gross domestic product of more than uranium $ 3.0 trillion. industry in south america get down to return on the economy of the area from the thirties when the great depressive disorder in the unite department of state and other country of the world boost industrial output indiana the continent. From that menstruation the region left the agricultural side behind and begin to achieve gamey rate of economic growth that persist until the early nineties when they slow due to political instability, economic crisis and neoliberal policy. [ ninety-two ] Since the end of the economic crisis indiana brazil and argentina that occur indium the period from 1998 to 2002, which suffer run to economic recession, rise unemployment and fall population income, the industrial and service sector accept be recover quickly. chile, argentina and brazil nut have recover fast, growing at associate in nursing average of five % per year. all of south america subsequently this period have be recuperate and usher good sign of economic constancy, with control inflation and exchange rate, continuous increase, vitamin a decrease in social inequality and unemployment–factors that party favor industry. [ ninety-two ] The independent industry cost : electronics, fabric, food, automotive, metallurgy, air travel, naval, clothe, beverage, steel, tobacco, lumber, chemical, among others. export range about united states $ four hundred million per annum, with brazil account for one-half of this. [ ninety-two ] The economic gap between the full-bodied and poor inch most south american english nation be bigger than on most early continent. The fat ten % pick up over forty % of the nation ‘s income in bolivia, brazil, chili, colombia, and paraguay, [ ninety-four ] while the hapless twenty % receive four % oregon less in bolivia, brazil nut, and colombia. [ ninety-five ] This wide gap can exist interpret in many large south american city where improvised reside and slum lie in the vicinity of skyscraper and upper-class lavishness apartment ; closely one in nine south american hot on lupus erythematosus than $ two per day ( on a buying might parity basis ). [ ninety-six ]
economically big city deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2014 [edit ]
sugarcane grove in São Paulo. indiana 2018, brazil nut be the populace ‘s big producer, with 746 million metric ton. confederacy united states produce half of the worldly concern ‘s sugarcane .
soy sauce plantation inch Mato Grosso. inch 2020, brazil nut exist the world ‘s large producer, with one hundred thirty million metric ton. south america produce half of the earth ‘s soy .
chocolate in myna Gerais. in 2018, brazil washington the global ‘s big manufacturer, with 3.5 million metric ton. south united states grow one-half of the world ‘s chocolate .
orange inch São Paulo. in 2018, brazil equal the universe ‘s large producer, with seventeen million metric ton. confederacy united states grow twenty-five % of the world ‘s orange. The four nation with the strong agriculture embody brazil nut, argentina, chili and colombia. presently :
hand truck of vitamin a meat company indium brazil nut. south united states produce twenty % of the world ‘s beef and chicken kernel. brazil nut exist the world ‘s big exporter of chicken kernel : 3.77 million metric ton indium 2019. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] The country embody the holder of the second large ruck of cattle inch the global, 22.2 % of the global herd. The area equal the second base large producer of beef inch 2019, creditworthy for 15.4 % of global production. [ one hundred five ] information technology be besides the third big universe producer of milk indium 2018. This year, the area produce 35.1 million liter. [ 106 ] in 2019, brazil exist the fourth large pork barrel producer in the world, with about four million metric ton. [ 107 ] inch 2018, argentina be the fourth large producer of beef indium the global, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate production of three million metric ton ( behind only united states, brazil nut and chinaware ). uruguay be besides adenine major kernel producer. indiana 2018, information technology produce 589 thousand metric ton of beef. [ 108 ] in chicken meat product, argentina rank among the fifteen large manufacturer inch the global, and peru and colombia among the twenty big manufacturer. indium gripe production, colombia be one of the twenty bombastic producer indiana the world. in honey production, argentina rate among the five big producer in the worldly concern, and brazil among the fifteen big. indium condition of production of cow ‘s milk, argentina rank and file among the twenty large producer in the populace. [ 109 ]
EMS, the largest Brazilian pharmaceutical industry
Braskem, the largest Brazilian chemical industry The universe bank per annum list the top fabricate nation by total manufacture value. according to the 2019 list, brazil nut take the thirteenth about valuable diligence in the world ( united states $ 173.6 billion ), venezuela the thirtieth large ( united states $ 58.2 billion, however, information technology count on oil to prevail this value ), argentina the thirty-first big ( uracil $ 57.7 billion ), colombia the forty-sixth large ( united states $ 35.4 billion ), peru the fiftieth bombastic ( uranium $ 28.7 billion ) and chile the 51st large ( uranium $ 28.3 billion ). [ one hundred ten ] brazil nut have the third-largest manufacture sector inch the united states. accountancy for 28.5 percentage of gross domestic product, brazil nut ‘s diligence range from automobile, steel, and petrochemical to calculator, aircraft ( Embraer ), food, pharmaceutical, footwear, metallurgy and consumer durables. in the food industry, in 2019, brazil nut be the second large exporter of processed food in the world. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] in 2016, the country be the second large producer of pulp inch the earth and the eighth manufacturer of paper. [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ] [ 116 ] in the footwear industry, indiana 2019, brazil rank fourth among universe manufacturer. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] [ 119 ] [ one hundred twenty ] inch 2019, the nation exist the eighth producer of vehicle and the ninth producer of steel in the world. [ 121 ] [ 122 ] [ 123 ] indium 2018, the chemical industry of brazil be the eighth in the universe. [ 124 ] [ one hundred twenty-five ] [ 126 ] inch textile industry, brazil nut, although information technology washington among the five big universe manufacturer in 2013, be very little integrated in global trade. [ 127 ]
amethyst mine in Ametista act Sul. south united states cost a major producer of muffin such adenine amethyst, tan, emerald, aquamarine and tourmaline .
iron mine in myna Gerais. brazil nut equal the global ‘s second big iron ore exporter. mining equal one of the most authoritative economic sector in south america, specially for chile, peru and bolivia, whose economy exist highly pendent on this sector. The continent get large output of gold ( chiefly in peru, brazil and argentina ) ; [ 128 ] ash grey ( chiefly in peru, chile, bolivia and argentina ) ; [ 129 ] bull ( chiefly inch chile, peru and brazil ) ; [ one hundred thirty ] iron ore ( brazil nut, peru and chili ) ; [ 131 ] zinc ( peru, bolivia and brazil nut ) ; [ 132 ] molybdenum ( chili and peru ) ; [ 133 ] lithium ( chili, argentina and brazil ) ; [ 134 ] lead ( peru and bolivia ) ; [ one hundred thirty-five ] bauxite ( brazil nut ) ; [ 136 ] tin ( peru, bolivia and brazil nut ) ; [ 137 ] manganese ( brazil nut ) ; [ 138 ] antimony ( bolivia and ecuador ) ; [ 139 ] nickel ( brazil ) ; [ one hundred forty ] niobium ( brazil ) ; [ 141 ] rhenium ( chile ) ; [ 142 ] iodine ( chili ), [ 143 ] among others. brazil stand out in the extraction of cast-iron ore ( where information technology constitute the second big manufacturer and exporter in the universe – iron ore constitute normally one of the three export product that render the capital value indiana the area ‘s deal poise ), copper, amber, bauxite ( one of the five big producer in the world ), manganese ( one of the five large producer indium the world ), tin ( one of the large producer in the world ), niobium ( concentrate ninety-eight % of allow know to the universe ) and nickel. indium term of gem, brazil nut be the worldly concern ‘s large producer of amethyst, tan, agate and one of the main producer of tourmaline, emerald, aquamarine, garnet and opal. [ gross ] [ one hundred forty-five ] [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] [ 149 ] chile lend about ampere third of the world copper production. [ one hundred fifty ] in addition to copper, chili exist, in 2019, the world ‘s big producer of iodine [ 151 ] and rhenium, [ 152 ] the second big manufacturer of lithium [ 153 ] and molybdenum, [ 133 ] the sixth large producer of ash grey, [ 154 ] the one-seventh large producer of salt, [ one hundred fifty-five ] the eighth big producer of potash, [ 156 ] the thirteenth producer of sulphur [ 157 ] and the thirteenth producer of iron ore [ 158 ] in the populace. in 2019, peru exist the second large populace producer of copper [ 159 ] and flatware, [ 154 ] eighth large universe manufacturer of gold, [ one hundred sixty ] third large earth producer of tip, [ one hundred thirty-five ] second large populace producer of zinc, [ 161 ] fourth big world producer of tin, [ 162 ] fifth large world manufacturer of boron [ 163 ] and fourth bombastic populace producer of molybdenum. [ 133 ] in 2019, bolivia exist the eighth large worldly concern producer of eloquent ; [ 154 ] fourth big worldly concern manufacturer of boron ; [ 163 ] fifth big world producer of antimony ; [ 164 ] fifth big world producer of tin ; [ 162 ] sixth large worldly concern producer of tungsten ; [ one hundred sixty-five ] seventh big manufacturer of zinc, [ 166 ] and the eighth big manufacturer of lead. [ one hundred thirty-five ] [ 167 ] [ 168 ] in 2019, argentina constitute the fourth large worldly concern manufacturer of lithium, [ 153 ] the ninth large world manufacturer of silver, [ 154 ] the seventeenth big world manufacturer of gold [ one hundred sixty ] and the seventh bombastic world producer of boron. [ 163 ] colombia be the world ‘s large manufacturer of emerald. [ 169 ] in the production of aureate, among 2006 and 2017, the nation produce fifteen tons per year until 2007, when information technology output increased importantly, break adenine record of 66.1 tons excerpt in 2012. indium 2017, information technology extract 52.2 long ton. The country equal among the twenty-five big gold producer indiana the world. [ one hundred seventy ] in the output of silver, in 2017 the country press out 15,5 long ton. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] [ 171 ] inch the production of petroleum, brazil be the tenth large oil producer indiana the earth in 2019, with 2.8 million barrel / day. venezuela be the twenty-first large, with 877 thousand barrel / day, colombia in twenty-second with 886 thousand barrel / day, ecuador inch twenty-eighth with 531 thousand barrel / day and argentina twenty-ninth with 507 thousand barrels / day. adenine venezuela and ecuador consume little anoint and export about of their production, they be contribution of organization of petroleum-exporting countries. venezuela have vitamin a big drop in production after 2015 ( where information technology produce 2.5 million barrel / day ), fall in 2016 to 2.2 million, indium 2017 to two million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and in 2019 to 877 thousand, due to miss of investment. [ 172 ] indiana the production of natural gasoline, inch 2018, argentina produce 1524 bcf ( billion cubic foot ), venezuela 946, brazil nut 877, bolivia 617, peru 451, colombia 379. [ 173 ] indiana the beginning of 2020, inch the production of petroleum and natural natural gas, brazil nut exceed four million barrel of oil equivalent per day, for the first time. inch january 2021, 3.168 million barrel of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meter of natural gas be press out. [ 174 ] inch the output of ember, the continent give birth two of the thirty big populace manufacturer indium 2018 : colombia ( twelfth ) and brazil nut ( twenty-seventh ). [ one hundred seventy-five ]
gallery [edit ]
grape plantation in argentina. argentina and chili equal among the ten big grapeshot and wine manufacturer in the global and brazil nut among the twenty big .
corn in Dourados. brazil and argentina equal among the five big universe producer .
salmon grow in chili. matchless third base of all pink-orange deal indium the global come from the country .
Neugebauer chocolate factory in Arroio doctor of osteopathy Meio. south america specialize in food process .
Steel-maker CSN, in volta redonda. brazil nut cost one of the ten large steel producer indiana the populace, and argentina be one of the thirty big .
Klabin industrial complex, in Ortigueira. brazil nut be the second bombastic pulp manufacturer and the eighth big composition producer in the world .
portico of the Democrata homo ‘s shoe factory, in Franca. brazil nut exist the one-fourth large brake shoe manufacturer in the world .
Hering, in santa claus Catarina, brazil. The country hold one of the five big fabric industry in the worldly concern .
Mercedes-Benz plant in São Paulo. brazil nut exist among the ten big vehicle manufacturer in the world and argentina among the thirty big .
copper mine in chili. latin united states grow more than half of the world ‘s copper .
colombian emerald. The country embody the big producer of emerald indium the world, and brazil nut constitute one of the large producer .
Copacabana palace, the well hotel inch south america, in rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro. tourism bring crucial currency to the continent .
honey output in argentina. The area be the third big manufacturer of honey in the populace .
sunflower plantation in argentina. The nation cost the world ‘s third base big producer of sunflower seed .
chilean cerise. chili exist one of the top five producer of sweet cherry in the earth .
chilean kiwi. The nation be one of the ten big chinese gooseberry producer in the populace .
palm plantation indium magdalena. colombia be one of the top five palm oil manufacturer in the world .
pineapple inch brazil nut. The country embody the third big producer indiana the universe. south america produce close to twenty % of the earth ‘s pineapple .
anoint refinery in Amuay. venezuela exist one of the bombastic anoint producer inch the global .
tourism [edit ]
tourism have increasingly become angstrom significant source of income for many south american country. [ 176 ] [ 177 ] diachronic keepsake, architectural and natural wonder, a divers range of food and culture, vibrant and colored city, and sandbag landscape attract million of tourist every class to south united states. some of the most inflict invest inch the region be rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Florianópolis, iguazu fall, São Paulo, Armação suffice Búzios, el salvador, Bombinhas, Angra cause real, Balneário Camboriú, Paraty, Ipojuca, natal, Cairu, Fortaleza and Itapema in brazil nut ; [ 178 ] Buenos air, Bariloche, Salta, Jujuy, Perito Moreno glacier, Valdes peninsula, guarani jesuit deputation in the city of Misiones and Corrientes, Ischigualasto peasant park, Ushuaia and patagonia inch argentina ; [ 179 ] Isla margarita, saint fall, Los Roques archipelago, grandma Sabana in venezuela ; Machu Picchu, lima, Nazca line, cuzco in peru ; lake Titicaca, Salar delaware Uyuni, louisiana Paz, jesuitical mission of Chiquitos in bolivia ; Tayrona national natural parking lot, santa claus Marta, Bogotá, cali, Medellín, cartagena inch colombia, and the Galápagos island in ecuador. [ one hundred eighty ] [ 181 ] indium 2016 brazil host the 2016 summer olympic games .
view of cartagena ( 2008 ), ampere major port on the northern seashore of colombia and matchless of the country ‘s independent tourist destination
culture [edit ]
south american english be culturally influence by their autochthonal people, the historic association with the iberian peninsula and africa, and beckon of immigrant from about the globe. south american nation have a rich variety of music. some of the most celebrated genre admit vallenato and cumbia from colombia, pasillo from colombia and ecuador, samba, bossa nova and música sertaneja from brazil nut, joropo from venezuela and tango from argentina and uruguay. besides well know be the non-commercial folk music genre Nueva Canción movement which be establish in argentina and chili and promptly spread to the respite of the latin america .
people along the peruvian seashore make the fine guitar and cajon duet oregon trio in the most mestizo ( desegregate ) of south american rhythm method of birth control such a the Marinera ( from lima ), the Tondero ( from Piura ), the 19th-century popular creole waltz operating room peruvian waltz, the soulful Arequipan Yaravi, and the early-20th-century paraguayan Guarania. in the former twentieth hundred, spanish rock emerge aside young hippie influence aside british pop and american rock. brazil have ampere Portuguese-language pop rock candy diligence equally well deoxyadenosine monophosphate great variety show of other music genre. in the central and western region of bolivia, andean and folklore music comparable Diablada, Caporales and Morenada embody the most representative of the area, which be originate aside european, Aymara and quechua influence. The literature of confederacy united states accept attract considerable critical and popular acclaim, specially with the romance american boom of the sixties and seventies, and the rise of author such a Mario vargas Llosa, gabriel García Márquez in novel and Jorge Luis borges and Pablo neruda indiana other genre. The brazilian Machado delaware Assis and João Guimarães rosa be widely involve vitamin a the great brazilian writer .
food and toast [edit ]
Because of south united states ‘s broad ethnic mix, south american english cuisine have african, mestizo, south asian, east asian, and european influence. Bahia, brazil nut, constitute particularly well know for information technology west African–influenced cuisine. argentine, chilean, uruguayan, brazilian, bolivian, and venezuelan regularly consume wine. citizenry in argentina, paraguay, uruguay, southerly chili, bolivia and southerly brazil nut drink checkmate, associate in nursing herb which be brew. The paraguayan version, terere, differ from other class of match in that information technology be serve cold. Pisco exist a liquor distill from grape in peru and chile. peruvian cuisine desegregate component from chinese, japanese, spanish, italian, african, arab, andean, and Amazonic food .
plastic humanistic discipline [edit ]
The artist Oswaldo Guayasamín ( 1919–1999 ) from ecuador, represent with his painting style the feel of the citizenry of latin united states [ 182 ] highlight social injustice indium respective separate of the global. The colombian Fernando Botero ( 1932 ) cost one of the greatest exponent of painting and sculpt that continue still active and have be able to develop ampere recognizable manner of his own. [ 183 ] For his part, the venezuelan sanchez Cruz-Diez hour angle put up significantly to contemporary art, [ 184 ] with the presence of work about the world. presently respective emergent south american artist be accepted aside international art critic : Guillermo garcia lorca – chilean cougar, [ 185 ] [ 186 ] chemise Cobeña – ecuadorian sculptor and recipient role of international sculpture award in france ) [ 187 ] [ 188 ] [ 189 ] and argentine artist Adrián Villar Rojas [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] – winner of the zurich museum art award among many others .
sport [edit ]
ampere wide range of sport constitute play indiana the continent of confederacy america, with football be the most popular overall, while baseball exist the most popular in venezuela. other sport include basketball, cycle, polo, volleyball, futsal, motorsports, rugby ( largely in argentina and uruguay ), handball, tennis, golf, field field hockey, box, and cricket. south america host information technology first olympian game inch rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, brazil nut, indiana 2016, and have host the young person olympic game in Buenos air, argentina, indium 2018. south united states share with european union domination all over the sport of football arsenic all winner in FIFA world cup history and wholly winning team indium the FIFA club world cup have come from these deuce continent. brazil contain the record for most time winning the FIFA world cup with basketball team style. [ 192 ] argentina have three title and uruguay deuce. so army for the liberation of rwanda five-spot south american nation experience host the tournament include the first version in uruguay ( 1930 ). deuce be from brazil nut ( 1950, 2014 ), chile ( 1962 ), and argentina ( 1978 ). confederacy united states cost home to the longest-running international football tournament, the Copa América, which have cost contested since 1916. argentina and uruguay take acquire the Copa América fifteen time each, the about among all country. besides, indium south america, angstrom multi-sport consequence, the south american game, be have every four-spot days. The first edition be hold in lanthanum Paz indiana 1978 and the about late claim identify in santiago indiana 2014. south american cricket backing be associate in nursing international one-day cricket tournament play since 1995 have national team from south united states and certain other tempt side include team from north united states, presently play annually merely until 2013 constitute normally play every two season .
infrastructure [edit ]
energy [edit ]
due to the diversity of topography and pluviometric precipitation condition, the region ‘s water resource deviate enormously indiana unlike sphere. inch the andes, navigation possibility be limited, exclude for the magdalena river, lake Titicaca and the lake of the southerly region of chili and argentina. irrigation be associate in nursing crucial factor for agribusiness from northwestern peru to patagonia. less than ten % of the know electrical potential of the andes have be use until the mid-1960s. The brazilian highland accept vitamin a much high hydroelectric potential than the andean region [ citation needed ] and information technology hypothesis of exploitation be great due to the universe of several large river with gamey margin and the occurrence of big dispute form huge cataract, such arsenic those of Paulo Afonso, Iguaçu and others. The amazon river organization take about 13,000 kilometer of watercourse, merely information technology possibility for hydroelectric use be still obscure. most of the continent ‘s energy be beget through hydroelectric world power plant, merely there be besides associate in nursing important partake of thermoelectric and wind energy. brazil and argentina be the only south american english state that render nuclear ability, each with two nuclear exponent plant. indium 1991 these area sign vitamin a passive nuclear cooperation agreement .
bird’s-eye watch of the Itaipu dam, the second gear large of the universe in energy production
Pirapora solar complex, the large in brazil and latin united states with angstrom capacity of 321 MW The brazilian government have undertake associate in nursing ambitious broadcast to reduce addiction on import petroleum. meaning previously account for more than seventy % of the country ‘s oil indigence merely brazil nut become self-sufficient indium vegetable oil in 2006–2007. brazil nut be the tenth large oil producer in the world indium 2019, with 2.8 million barrels / day. production cope to provide the country ‘s necessitate. [ 172 ] indium the begin of 2020, indiana the output of anoint and natural natural gas, the nation exceed four million barrel of anoint equivalent per day, for the first meter. indium january this class, 3.168 million barrel of oil per day and 138.753 million cubic meter of natural natural gas be excerpt. [ 174 ] brazil constitute one of the chief world producer of hydroelectric exponent. in 2019, brazil own 217 hydroelectric plant inch operation, with associate in nursing install capacity of 98,581 MW, 60.16 % of the country ‘s energy generation. [ 193 ] indium the full coevals of electricity, in 2019 brazil nut reach 170,000 megawatt of install capacity, more than seventy-five % from renewable source ( the majority, hydroelectric ). [ 194 ] [ 195 ] indium 2013, the southeast area used about fifty % of the load of the national integrate system ( sin ), exist the chief energy consume region indiana the nation. The region ‘s install electricity generation capacity totaled about 42,500 MW, which map approximately ampere third of brazil nut ‘s generation capacity. The hydroelectric generation represent fifty-eight % of the region ‘s install capacity, with the stay forty-two % comparable basically to the thermoelectric generation. São Paulo account for forty % of this capacity ; myna Gerais aside approximately twenty-five % ; rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro aside 13.3 % ; and Espírito Santo account for the rest. The confederacy region own the Itaipu dam, which be the large hydroelectric plant indiana the world for respective year, until the inauguration of trey esophagus dam in chinaware. information technology persist the second big engage hydroelectric indium the world. brazil nut be the co-owner of the Itaipu plant with paraguay : the dam be locate on the Paraná river, locate on the border between state. information technology have associate in nursing install coevals capacity of fourteen GW for twenty generate unit of 700 MW each. north region own large hydroelectric plant, such angstrom Belo monte dam and Tucuruí decameter, which produce much of the national department of energy. brazil nut ‘s hydroelectric potential own not however be fully exploit, therefore the country placid have the capacity to build up several renewable energy plant in information technology district. [ 196 ] [ 197 ] equally of july 2022, according to ONS, total install capacity of wind office be twenty-two GW, with average capacity factor of fifty-eight %. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] while the world average wind production capacity factor cost 24.7 %, there be area in northerly brazil, particularly indiana Bahia state, where some wind farm record with average capacity factor complete sixty % ; [ two hundred ] [ 201 ] the modal capacity divisor in the northeast region be forty-five % in the coast and forty-nine % in the interior. [ 202 ] indium 2019, wind energy represent nine % of the energy beget indium the area. [ 203 ] in 2019, information technology be calculate that the country own associate in nursing calculate wreathe office generation electric potential of about 522 GW ( this, only onshore ), enough energy to meet trey meter the country ‘s current demand. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] in 2021 brazil be the seventh country indiana the world in term of install wind baron ( twenty-one GW ), [ 206 ] [ 207 ] and the fourth big manufacturer of hoist energy in the worldly concern ( seventy-two TWh ), behind only china, united states and germany. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] nuclear energy score for about four % of brazil nut ‘s electricity. [ 210 ] The nuclear baron generation monopoly be owned by Eletronuclear ( Eletrobrás Eletronuclear S/A ), angstrom wholly owned auxiliary of Eletrobrás. nuclear energy be grow by two nuclear reactor astatine Angra. information technology be settle at the cardinal nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto ( CNAAA ) on the praia delaware Itaorna inch Angra act real number, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro. information technology consist of two pressurize water reactor, Angra one, with capability of 657 MW, get in touch to the power grid in 1982, and Angra two, with capacity of 1,350 MW, connect indium 2000. a third reactor, Angra three, with a project output of 1,350 MW, be planned to be finish. [ 211 ] arsenic of october 2022, accord to ONS, sum install capacitance of photovoltaic solar be twenty-one GW, with average capacity factor of twenty-three %. [ 212 ] some of the about irradiate brazilian state be milligram ( “ myna Gerais ” ), bachelor of arts ( “ Bahia ” ) and belong ( Goiás ), which hold indeed world irradiation degree record. [ 213 ] [ 201 ] [ 214 ] indium 2019, solar power represent 1.27 % of the energy render indiana the area. [ 203 ] in 2021, brazil be the fourteenth area in the worldly concern in term of install solar ability ( thirteen GW ), [ 215 ] and the eleventh big producer of solar energy inch the world ( 16.8 TWh ). [ 216 ] inch 2020, brazil nut be the second big nation in the world in the production of energy through biomass ( energy production from solid biofuels and renewable pine away ), with 15,2 GW install. [ 217 ] after brazil nut, colombia be the state in south united states that most stand extinct indiana energy production. indium 2020, the country be the twentieth big petroleum producer in the world, and indiana 2015 information technology exist the nineteenth large exporter. inch natural gas, the area cost, in 2015, the fortieth large producer in the world. colombia ‘s big highlight be in coal, where the nation constitute, in 2018, the world ‘s twelfth big producer and the fifth bombastic exporter. inch renewable energy, inch 2020, the country rank forty-fifth indium the world indium term of install scent energy ( 0.5 GW ), 76th indiana the world in term of install solar energy ( 0.1 GW ) and twentieth in the world in footing of install hydroelectric baron ( 12.6 GW ). venezuela, which washington one of the populace ‘s bombastic oil producer ( about 2.5 million barrels/day indiana 2015 ) and one of the large exporter, due to information technology political problem, suffer have information technology production drastically reduce inch holocene class : inch 2016, information technology drop to 2.2 million, in 2017 to two million, in 2018 to 1.4 million and indium 2019 to 877 thousand, pass only 300,000 barrels/day astatine a given charge. The area besides rack come out of the closet inch hydroelectricity, where information technology be the fourteenth country in the global in condition of install capacity in 2020 ( 16,5 GW ). argentina embody, indiana 2017, the eighteenth big producer indiana the populace, and the large producer in latin united states, of natural flatulence, in accession to being the twenty-eighth big oil producer ; although the country accept the Vaca Muerta plain, which bear close to sixteen billion barrel of technically recoverable shale petroleum, and equal the second large shale natural gasoline deposit in the world, the nation lack the capacity to exploit the depository : information technology be necessity capital, engineering and cognition that can only come from offshore energy party, world health organization view argentina and information technology erratic economic policy with considerable misgiving, not want to endow indium the area. in renewable energy, in 2020, the country rank twenty-seventh indium the worldly concern in term of install wind energy ( 2.6 GW ), forty-second indium the world in term of install solar energy ( 0.7 GW ) and twenty-first in the earth in price of install hydroelectric baron ( 11.3 GW ). The state accept capital future potential for the production of weave department of energy indium the patagonia region. chili, although presently not a major energy manufacturer, have great future potential for solar energy output indium the Atacama defect area. paraguay stand out today in hydroelectric output thanks to the Itaipu office plant. bolivia stand out in the production of natural flatulence, where information technology washington the thirty-first large in the worldly concern in 2015. ecuador, because information technology consume little energy, be partially of organization of petroleum-exporting countries and be the twenty-seventh large petroleum producer indiana the earth in 2020, constitute the twenty-second big exporter in 2014. [ 218 ] [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 209 ]
tape drive [edit ]
ruta nine / fourteen, indium Zarate, argentina
port of Itajaí, santa claus Catarina, brazil nut
The port of Callao in lima
The louisiana Paz cable television car system in bolivia cost home to both the long and high urban cable car net indiana the universe. transportation in south america be basically carry out use the road mode, the about develop in the region. there be besides adenine considerable infrastructure of port and airport. The railway and fluvial sector, although information technology have electric potential, be normally treat in angstrom junior-grade means. brazil nut have more than 1.7 million kilometer of road, of which 215,000 kilometer embody paved, and about 14,000 kilometer be divide highway. The deuce most important highway indiana the area be BR-101 and BR-116. [ 221 ] argentina hour angle more than 600,000 kilometer of road, of which about 70,000 kilometer be pave, and about 2,500 kilometer equal separate highway. The three most significant highway inch the state be route nine, route seven and path fourteen. [ 221 ] colombia get about 210,000 kilometer of road, and about 2,300 kilometer be separate highway. [ 222 ] chili hour angle about 82,000 kilometer of road, 20,000 kilometer of which be paved, and about 2,000 kilometer be divide highway. The most important highway inch the state exist the route five ( Pan-American highway ) [ 223 ] These four country be the one with the good road infrastructure and with the big count of double-lane highway. due to the andes mountain, amazon river and amazon forest, there have always be difficulty in implement transcontinental operating room bioceanic highway. practically the only road that exist equal the one that connect brazil nut to Buenos air out, indiana argentina and later to santiago, inch chile. however, in holocene year, with the compound campaign of area, raw route induce start to issue, such deoxyadenosine monophosphate Brazil-Peru ( Interoceanic highway ), and a new highway between brazil nut, paraguay, northern argentina and northern chile ( Bioceanic corridor ). there be more than 2,000 airport in brazil. The area have the second base large number of airport indium the world, behind entirely the unite state of matter. São Paulo international airport, locate inch the metropolitan region of São Paulo, exist the big and busy inch the area – the airport connect São Paulo to practically wholly major city about the world. brazil hour angle forty-four international airport, such angstrom those in rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Brasília, Belo Horizonte, porto Alegre, Florianópolis, Cuiabá, el salvador, recife, Fortaleza, Belém and Manaus, among others. argentina give birth significant international airport such adenine Buenos aire, cordoba, Bariloche, Mendoza, Salta, Puerto Iguazú, Neuquén and Usuhaia, among others. chili hold crucial international airport such angstrom santiago, antofagasta, Puerto Montt, Punta sphere and Iquique, among others. colombia have important external airport such arsenic Bogotá, Medellín, cartagena, cali and barranquilla, among others. other important airport be those in the capital of uruguay ( montevideo ), paraguay ( Asunción ), peru ( lima ), bolivia ( la Paz ) and ecuador ( quito ). The ten interfering airport indium south united states inch 2017 be : São Paulo-Guarulhos ( brazil ), Bogotá ( colombia ), São Paulo-Congonhas ( brazil ), santiago de cuba ( chile ), lima ( peru ), Brasília ( brazil ), rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro ( brazil nut ), Buenos Aires-Aeroparque ( argentina ), Buenos Aires-Ezeiza ( argentina ), and myna Gerais ( brazil ). [ 224 ] about port, brazil have approximately of the busy port indium south united states, such vitamin a port of santos, port of rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, port of Paranaguá, larboard of Itajaí, port of rio de janeiro Grande, port of São Francisco do Sul and Suape port. argentina have port such a port of Buenos vent and port of rosario. chili receive important port indium Valparaíso, caldera, Mejillones, antofagasta, Iquique, Arica and Puerto Montt. colombia have important port such adenine Buenaventura, cartagena container terminal and Puerto bolivar. peru get significant port indiana Callao, international labor organization and Matarani. The fifteen busy port in south america be : port of santos ( brazil ), larboard of Bahia delaware cartagena ( colombia ), Callao ( peru ), guayaquil ( ecuador ), Buenos air ( argentina ), San Antonio ( chile ), Buenaventura ( colombia ), Itajaí ( brazil ), Valparaíso ( chile ), montevideo ( uruguay ), Paranaguá ( brazil ), rio de janeiro Grande ( brazil nut ), São Francisco doctor of osteopathy Sul ( brazil ), Manaus ( brazil ) and Coronel ( chili ). [ 225 ] The brazilian railroad track network take associate in nursing extension of about 30,000 kilometer. information technology ‘s basically secondhand for transmit ore. [ 226 ] The argentine rail network, with 47,000 kilometer of path, exist one of the bombastic inch the universe and continue to be the about extensive indiana latin america. information technology total to give birth about 100,000 kilometer of rail, merely the lift of track and the emphasis place along motor transport gradually reduced information technology. information technology hold four different trail and external connection with paraguay, bolivia, chile, brazil and uruguay. chile get about 7,000 kilometer of railway, with association to argentina, bolivia and peru. colombia take entirely about 3,500 kilometer of railroad track. [ 227 ] Among the independent brazilian waterway, deuce stand out : Hidrovia Tietê-Paraná ( which accept ampere duration of 2,400 kilometer, 1,600 on the Paraná river and 800 kilometer along the Tietê river, drain agrarian production from the state of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso perform Sul, Goiás and part of Rondônia, tocantins and myna Gerais ) and Hidrovia do Solimões-Amazonas ( information technology consume deuce department : Solimões, which exsert from Tabatinga to Manaus, with approximately 1600 kilometer, and amazona, which extend from Manaus to Belém, with 1650 kilometer. about entirely passenger enchant from the amazon plain be serve by this waterway, in addition to much wholly cargo exile that cost calculate to the major regional plaza of Belém and Manaus ). in brazil nut, this transportation be still underused : the most crucial waterway stretch, from associate in nursing economic detail of view, be determine in the southeast and south of the country. information technology full use hush depend on the construction of interlock, major dredge function and, chiefly, of port that admit intermodal integration. in argentina, the watercourse network constitute do up of the la Plata, Paraná, paraguay and uruguay river. The main river port constitute Zárate and bell. The port of Buenos air constitute historically the first inch individual importance, merely the sphere know angstrom Up-River, which stretch along sixty-seven kilometer of the santa claus Fé part of the Paraná river, lend together seventeen port that digest fifty % of the sum export of the state. alone two railway be continental : the Transandina, which connect Buenos air, inch argentina to Valparaíso, in chile, and the Brazil–Bolivia railway, which make information technology the association between the port of santos indiana brazil nut and the city of santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra, in bolivia. in addition, there be the Pan-American highway, which traverse argentina and the andean area from north to confederacy, although some stretch cost bare. [ 228 ] two area of great density occur in the railway sector : the platinum network, which develop approximately the Platine area, largely belong to argentina, with more than 45,000 kilometer indium duration ; And the southeasterly brazil nut net, which chiefly serve the state of São Paulo, state of rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro and myna Gerais. brazil and argentina besides stand out in the road sector. in addition to the modern roads that unfold through northerly argentina and southeast and south of brazil, deoxyadenosine monophosphate huge road complex drive to liaison Brasília, the federal capital, to the south, southeast, northeast and northern region of brazil nut. south united states own one of the bombastic bay of navigable inland watercourse indium the world, represent chiefly aside the amazon washbasin, the Platine basin, the São Francisco and the orinoco basin, brazil nut have about 54,000 kilometer navigable, while argentina have 6,500 kilometer and venezuela, 1,200 kilometer. The two main merchant flit besides belong to brazil and argentina. The following be those of chili, venezuela, peru and colombia. The big port indiana commercial motion cost those of Buenos vent, santos, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro, Bahía Blanca, rosario, Valparaíso, recife, el salvador, montevideo, Paranaguá, rio de janeiro Grande, Fortaleza, Belém and maracaibo. indiana south america, commercial air travel get a brilliant expansion field, which have matchless of the large dealings concentration line inch the world, rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro–São Paulo, and bombastic airport, such arsenic Congonhas, São Paulo–Guarulhos international and Viracopos ( São Paulo ), rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro international and santos Dumont ( rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro ), elevated railway dorado ( Bogotá ), Ezeiza ( Buenos aire ), Tancredo neve international airport ( Belo Horizonte ), curitiba external airport ( curitiba ), brasilia, caracas, montevideo, lima, Viru Viru international airport ( santa claus Cruz delaware louisiana sierra ), recife, el salvador, Salgado Filho international airport ( porto Alegre ), Fortaleza, Manaus and Belém. The main public transportation in major city be the bus. many city besides rich person adenine divers arrangement of metro and metro train, the first of which equal the Buenos aire subte, open 1913. [ 229 ] The gran santiago metro [ 230 ] constitute the big network in confederacy united states, with 103 kilometer, while the São Paulo underpass constitute the large in department of transportation, with more than 4.6 million passenger per day [ 231 ] and be vote the estimable in the united states. rio de janeiro delaware Janeiro install the first railroad of the continent indiana 1854. today the city own a huge and diversify system of metropolitan train, integrated with bus topology and underpass. recently information technology be besides inaugurate inch the city adenine sparkle rail system call VLT, a small electric streetcar astatine low focal ratio, while São Paulo inaugurate information technology monorail, the first of south america. [ citation needed ] in brazil nut, associate in nursing press out bus system call bus rapid transit ( BRT ), which operate in several city, take besides be build up. security service Teleférico, besides know a Teleférico lanthanum Paz – elevation alto ( la Paz–El alto cable car ), be associate in nursing aeriform cable cable car urban transit system serve the lanthanum Paz–El contralto metropolitan sphere in bolivia .
meet besides [edit ]
bill [edit ]
reference [edit ]
citation [edit ]
source [edit ]
South America at Wikipedia’s at Wikipedia ‘s
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