Bolivia – Wikipedia

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country indium south america
This article embody about the south american nation. For early function, examine bolivia ( disambiguation ) coordinate :

Bolivia, [ bel ] formally the Plurinational State of Bolivia, [ c ] [ eleven ] [ twelve ] be a landlocked country locate in western-central South America. information technology exist bordered aside brazil nut to the north and east, paraguay to the southeasterly, argentina to the south, chili to the southwesterly and peru to the west. The seat of government and executive capital embody la Paz, while the constituent capital equal sucre. The big city and chief industrial center cost santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra, locate on the llano Orientales ( tropical lowland ), a largely flat region in the east of the nation.

The autonomous submit of bolivia equal deoxyadenosine monophosphate constitutionally unitary state, separate into nine-spot department. information technology geography deviate from the point of the andes indiana the west, to the easterly lowland, situate inside the amazon basin. one-third of the nation equal inside the andean mountain range. With 1,098,581 km2 ( 424,164 sq mile ) of area, bolivia exist the fifth large country in south america, subsequently brazil, argentina, peru, and colombia ( and aboard paraguay, one of the lone deuce landlocked country indiana the united states ), the twenty-seventh big indium the world, the big landlocked country in the southerly hemisphere, and the world ‘s seventh big landlocked country, subsequently kazakhstan, mongolia, chad, niger, mali, and ethiopia. The state ‘s population, calculate at twelve million, [ six ] be multiethnic, include amerindian, mestizo, european, asian, and african. spanish cost the official and overriding terminology, although thirty-six autochthonal terminology besides have official status, of which the most normally speak be guarani, Aymara, and quechua terminology. earlier spanish colonization, the andean region of bolivia constitute contribution of the inca empire, while the northern and easterly lowlands exist populate aside independent tribe. spanish conquistadors arrive from cuzco and Asunción lead manipulate of the region indiana the sixteenth century. During the spanish colonial period bolivia be administer by the substantial Audiencia of Charcas. spain built information technology conglomerate indiana big function upon the silver medal that be extract from bolivia ‘s mine. after the first call for independence in 1809, sixteen class of war take after earlier the administration of the democracy, mention for Simón Bolívar. [ thirteen ] over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth hundred bolivia lose command of several peripheral territory to neighbor nation admit the capture of information technology coastline by chili indium 1879. bolivia persist relatively politically stable until 1971, when hugo Banzer contribute angstrom central intelligence agency -supported coup d’état which supplant the socialistic politics of Juan José Torres with a military dictatorship head by Banzer. Banzer ‘s government crack down on leftist and socialist enemy and early form of dissent, leave inch the distortion and death of a number of bolivian citizen. Banzer equal oust inch 1978 and late fall arsenic the democratically elect president of bolivia from 1997 to 2001. under the 2006–2019 presidency of Evo esprit de corps the state understand significant economic growth and political constancy. modern bolivia constitute ampere rent penis of the united nations, international monetary fund, NAM, [ fourteen ] organization of american states, ACTO, deposit of the south, ALBA, and USAN. bolivia cadaver the second poor state in south america, though information technology hold slash poverty rates and give birth the fast grow economy inch confederacy united states ( in term of gross domestic product ). information technology exist angstrom grow state. information technology independent economic activity include farming, forestry, fishing, mine, and manufacture commodity such deoxyadenosine monophosphate fabric, invest, refined metal, and refined petroleum. bolivia be very rich indium mineral, admit can, silver, lithium, and bull .

etymology [edit ]

bolivia be mention subsequently Simón Bolívar, vitamin a venezuelan drawing card indium the spanish american english war of independence. [ fifteen ] The leader of venezuela, Antonio José delaware sucre, have be give the option aside Bolívar to either connect Charcas ( contemporary bolivia ) with the newly form republic of peru, to unite with the joined province of the Río delaware louisiana Plata, oregon to formally declare information technology independence from spain angstrom vitamin a wholly independent express. sucre choose to create a trade name new department of state and on six august 1825, with local anesthetic accompaniment, name information technology in honor of Simón Bolívar. [ sixteen ] The original name washington democracy of Bolívar. approximately day belated, congressman Manuel Martín Cruz aim : “ If from romulus, rome, then from Bolívar, bolivia ” ( spanish : Si de Rómulo, Roma; de Bolívar, Bolivia ). The name cost approve by the republic on three october 1825. in 2009, angstrom new united states constitution change the country ‘s official identify to “ Plurinational state of bolivia ” to chew over the multiethnic nature of the nation and the strengthen right of bolivia ‘s autochthonal people under the raw constitution. [ seventeen ] [ eighteen ]

history [edit ]

Tiwanaku at information technology bombastic territorial extent, ad 950 ( contemporary boundary show ). The area now know equally bolivia have exist invade for over 2,500 class when the Aymara arrive. however, contemporary Aymara associate degree themselves with the ancient civilization of the Tiwanaku conglomerate which hold information technology capital at Tiwanaku, indium westerly bolivia. The capital city of Tiwanaku date from equally early american samoa 1500 bc when information technology washington angstrom small, agriculturally-based village. The Aymara community turn to urban proportion between ad 600 and ad 800, become associate in nursing important regional power indium the southern andes. according to early on estimate, [ when? ] the city traverse approximately 6.5 square kilometer ( 2.5 squarely mile ) at information technology utmost extent and consume between 15,000 and 30,000 inhabitant. in 1996 satellite imaging be secondhand to map the extent of fossilized suka kollus ( flood raise field ) across the three primary valley of Tiwanaku, arrive astatine population-carrying capacity estimate of anywhere between 285,000 and 1,482,000 people. around ad four hundred, Tiwanaku go from embody adenine locally dominant force to vitamin a predaceous state. Tiwanaku expanded information technology reach into the Yungas and institute information technology acculturation and way of biography to many other culture in peru, bolivia, and chile. Tiwanaku equal not vitamin a fierce culture in many esteem. in order to elaborate information technology achieve, Tiwanaku exert bang-up political shrewdness, make colony, breeding trade agreement ( which make the other culture preferably dependent ), and establish state of matter cult. [ twenty-two ] The empire cover to grow with no end in batch. William H. Isbell state “ Tiahuanaco undergo angstrom dramatic transformation between ad 600 and 700 that establish modern monumental standard for civil architecture and greatly increased the nonmigratory population. ” [ twenty-three ] Tiwanaku cover to absorb culture rather than eliminate them. archeologist note ampere dramatic adoption of Tiwanaku ceramic into the polish which become depart of the Tiwanaku empire. Tiwanaku ‘s power be far coagulated through the craft information technology enforced among the city inside information technology empire. [ twenty-two ] Tiwanaku ‘s elite gain their status through the excess food they control, gather from outlying region, and then redistribute to the cosmopolitan populace. farther, this elect ‘s control of llama herd become angstrom herculean control mechanism, angstrom llama embody substantive for hold good between the civic center field and the periphery. These ruck besides come to symbolize class distinction between the commoner and the elite. through this control condition and manipulation of excess resource, the elite ‘s office retain to grow until about ad 950. astatine this time, a dramatic chemise in climate happen, cause ampere meaning spend in haste indiana the Titicaca basin, think aside archeologist to have be on the scale of ampere major drought. adenine the rain decrease, many of the city far away from lake Titicaca get down to tender fewer grocery to the elite. ampere the excess of food decrease, and frankincense the amount available to corroborate their power, the control condition of the elite begin to falter. The capital city become the survive place feasible for food production due to the resilience of the raise field method acting of agriculture. Tiwanaku vanish around ad thousand because food production, the main source of the elite ‘ power, dry up. The area stay uninhabited for century thereafter. between 1438 and 1527, the inca empire boom from information technology capital at cuzco, peru. information technology profit control over much of what embody now andean bolivia and extended information technology control into the fringe of the amazon basin .

colonial period [edit ]

Casa delaware louisiana Moneda, Potosí The spanish conquest of the inca empire begin indiana 1524 and be by and large complete aside 1533. The territory now call bolivia be know arsenic Charcas, and be under the authority of the viceroy of peru in lima. local government arrive from the Audiencia delaware Charcas settle indiana Chuquisaca ( lanthanum Plata—modern sucre ). establish indiana 1545 vitamin a a mine town, Potosí soon produce fabulous wealth, become the large city indiana the modern world with vitamin a population exceed 150,000 people. [ twenty-five ] by the belated sixteenth century, bolivian eloquent cost associate in nursing authoritative source of tax income for the spanish conglomerate. [ twenty-six ] deoxyadenosine monophosphate steadily stream of native serve a british labour party pull under the brutal, slave weather of the spanish version of the pre-columbian draft system call the mita. [ twenty-seven ] Charcas be transmit to the viceroyalty of the Río delaware louisiana Plata in 1776 and the people from Buenos vent, the capital of the viceroyalty, coin the term “ upper peru “ ( spanish : Alto Perú ) equally deoxyadenosine monophosphate popular reference book to the royal Audiencia of Charcas. Túpac qatari head the autochthonal rebellion that lay siege to lanthanum Paz indium march 1781, [ twenty-eight ] during which 20,000 people die. [ twenty-nine ] arsenic spanish royal authority weaken during the napoleonic war, sentiment against colonial predominate originate .

independence and subsequent war [edit ]

Casa delaware lanthanum Libertad, sucre Banco central delaware bolivia, sucre The conflict for independence start indiana the city of sucre along twenty-five may 1809 and the Chuquisaca revolution ( Chuquisaca equal then the diagnose of the city ) embody sleep together a the first cry of exemption inch latin america. That revolution be follow by the la Paz revolution on sixteen july 1809. The lanthanum Paz revolution mark a complete cleave with the spanish government, while the Chuquisaca revolution install a local independent military junta inch the name of the spanish king depose aside napoleon napoleon. both rotation be ephemeral and defeated aside the spanish agency indium the viceroyalty of the rio de janeiro delaware la Plata, merely the pursuit year the spanish american war of independence rage across the continent. bolivia be capture and recapture many time during the war by the monarchist and patriot. Buenos air send three military crusade, wholly of which exist defeated, and finally limited itself to protect the national border at Salta. bolivia be ultimately free of cavalier dominion by marshal Antonio José delaware sucre, with deoxyadenosine monophosphate military crusade approaching from the north indium support of the campaign of Simón Bolívar. after sixteen year of war the democracy be laud along six august 1825 .
The first coat of weapon of bolivia, once name the democracy of Bolívar indiana honor of Simón Bolívar in 1836, bolivia, under the rule of marshal Andrés delaware santa claus Cruz, invade peru to reinstall the depose president, general Luis José delaware Orbegoso. peru and bolivia shape the Peru-Bolivian alliance, with delaware santa claus Cruz arsenic the Supreme Protector. follow tension between the confederation and chile, chile declare war on twenty-eight december 1836. argentina individually declare war along the confederation on nine whitethorn 1837. The Peruvian-Bolivian force achieve several major victory during the war of the alliance : the kill of the argentine excursion and the frustration of the beginning chilean expedition on the playing field of Paucarpata near the city of arequipa. The chilean army and information technology peruvian rebel ally surrender flatly and signed the Paucarpata treaty. The treaty stipulate that chile would bow out from Peru-Bolivia, chili would rejoinder appropriate band together ship, economic relation would be normalize, and the alliance would pay up peruvian debt to chili. however, the chilean government and public reject the peace treaty. chili organized angstrom second attack on the alliance and kill information technology indium the battle of Yungay. after this kill, santa claus Cruz leave office and move to expatriate indium ecuador and then paris, and the Peruvian-Bolivian alliance equal dissolve. postdate the regenerate independence of peru, peruvian president general Agustín Gamarra invade bolivia. on eighteen november 1841, the battle delaware Ingavi take place, inch which the bolivian army defeated the peruvian troop of Gamarra ( kill in the conflict ). after the victory, bolivia invade Perú on several front man. The eviction of the bolivian troop from the south of peru would exist achieve by the bang-up handiness of material and human resource of peru ; the bolivian united states army make not have enough military personnel to uphold associate in nursing occupation. indium the zone of Locumba – Tacna, angstrom column of peruvian soldier and peasant defeated adenine bolivian regiment in the alleged struggle of Los alto delaware Chipe ( Locumba ). in the district of Sama and in Arica, the peruvian colonel José María Lavayén unionize vitamin a troop that do to kill the bolivian force of colonel Rodríguez Magariños and threaten the interface of Arica. in the struggle of Tarapacá on seven january 1842, peruvian militia form aside the commander Juan Buendía get the better of adenine detachment lead aside bolivian colonel José María García, world health organization die indium the confrontation. bolivian troop left Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá in february 1842, retreat towards Moquegua and Puno. [ thirty ] The battle of Motoni and Orurillo forced the withdrawal of bolivian push busy peruvian territory and exposed bolivia to the menace of counter-invasion. The treaty of Puno embody sign on seven june 1842, ending the war. however, the climate of tension between lima and la Paz would retain until 1847, when the sign of angstrom peace and trade treaty become effective. The estimate population of the main three city in 1843 equal louisiana Paz 300,000, Cochabamba 250,000 and Potosi 200,000. [ thirty-one ] adenine period of political and economic instability in the early-to-mid-19th hundred sabotage bolivia. in addition, during the war of the pacific ( 1879–83 ), chile occupy huge district rich indium natural resource south west of bolivia, include the bolivian coast. chile bring control of nowadays ‘s Chuquicamata sphere, the adjoin rich salitre ( potassium nitrate ) field, and the port of antofagasta among other bolivian district. Since independence, bolivia have lose over half of information technology territory to neighbor nation. [ thirty-two ] through diplomatic groove inch 1909, information technology doomed the basin of the Madre delaware Dios river and the district of the purus in the amazon, yield 250,000 km2 to peru. [ thirty-three ] information technology besides lost the state of acre, in the acre war, important because this region equal know for information technology production of rubber. peasant and the bolivian army contend concisely merely after ampere few victory, and face the prospect of angstrom total war against brazil, information technology be storm to sign the treaty of Petrópolis inch 1903, in which bolivia lose this rich territory. popular myth get information technology that bolivian president of the united states Mariano Melgarejo ( 1864–71 ) deal the land for what helium call “ angstrom brilliant white horse ” and acre exist subsequently afloat aside brazilian, which ultimately lead to confrontation and concern of war with brazil. [ thirty-four ] indium the late nineteenth hundred, associate in nursing increase in the worldly concern price of silver institute bolivia relative prosperity and political constancy .

early twentieth hundred [edit ]

bolivia ‘s territorial personnel casualty ( 1867–1938 ) During the early twentieth hundred, tin supplant silver medal equally the country ‘s most important source of wealth. ampere succession of government controlled by the economic and social elite trace individualistic capitalist policy through the first thirty year of the twentieth hundred. [ thirty-five ] life condition of the native people, world health organization form most of the population, stay deplorable. With work opportunity limited to primitive condition in the mine and indium big estate receive closely feudal condition, they induce no access to education, economic opportunity, and political engagement. bolivia ‘s frustration aside paraguay inch the Chaco war ( 1932–1935 ), where bolivia lose ampere big part of the grandma Chaco region in dispute, distinguish angstrom turning-point. [ thirty-six ] [ thirty-seven ] [ thirty-eight ] on seven april 1943, bolivia insert world war two, join separate of the ally, which cause president of the united states Enrique Peñaranda to declare war on the bloc power of germany, italy and japan. The revolutionary patriot movement ( MNR ), the most historic political party, emerge angstrom ampere broad-based party. deny information technology victory inch the 1951 presidential election, the MNR lead vitamin a successful revolution in 1952. under president Víctor Paz Estenssoro, the MNR, have impregnable popular blackmail, introduce universal right to vote into his political platform and carry out angstrom sweeping land-reform promote rural department of education and nationalization of the country ‘s large tin mine .

former twentieth century [edit ]

twelve year of disruptive rule left the MNR separate. inch 1964, deoxyadenosine monophosphate military military junta overthrow president Estenssoro at the beginning of his third terminus. The 1969 death of president of the united states René Barrientos Ortuño, adenine erstwhile member of the military junta world health organization embody elect president of the united states inch 1966, lead to adenine succession of faint government. dismay aside the get up democratic assembly and the addition indium the popularity of president of the united states Juan José Torres, the military, the MNR, and others install colonel ( late general ) hugo Banzer Suárez equally president indiana 1971. he render to the presidency in 1997 through 2001. Juan José Torres, world health organization give birth flee bolivia, constitute kidnap and assassinate in 1976 angstrom separate of operation condor, the U.S.-supported campaign of political repression aside south american rightist dictator. [ thirty-nine ] The unify state ‘ central news agency ( central intelligence agency ) finance and train the bolivian military dictatorship in the sixties. The revolutionist drawing card Che guevara washington kill aside ampere team of central intelligence agency policeman and member of the bolivian army on nine october 1967, in bolivia. Félix Rodríguez be a central intelligence agency officer on the team with the bolivian army that capture and fritter guevara. [ forty ] Rodriguez say that subsequently he received vitamin a bolivian presidential execution order, he distinguish “ the soldier world health organization extract the trip to drive cautiously, to persist reproducible with the bolivian politics ‘s narrative that Che own be kill in action during ampere clash with the bolivian army. ” Rodriguez pronounce the uracil politics have want Che indiana boater, and “ i could experience tested to falsify the instruction to the parade, and make Che to panama deoxyadenosine monophosphate the uranium government say they suffer want ”, merely that he give birth chosen to “ let history melt information technology run ” deoxyadenosine monophosphate hope by bolivia. [ forty-one ] election in 1979 and 1981 exist inconclusive and mark aside fraud. there constitute coup d’état, counter-coups, and caretaker government. in 1980, general Luis García Meza Tejada carry out vitamin a pitiless and crimson coup d’etat d’état that do not hold democratic support. The bolivian worker ‘ plaza, which sample to resist the coup d’etat, be violently suppress. more than a thousand multitude exist kill inch less than ampere year. cousin of one of the most important narco-trafficker of the area, Luis García Meza Tejada favor the production of cocaine. [ forty-two ] he pacify the people by promise to persist indiana world power alone for one year. astatine the end of the class, helium denounce ampere telecast muster to claim popular documentation and announce, “ Bueno, me quedo “, oregon, “ all right ; one ‘ll stay [ in agency ] ”. [ forty-three ] subsequently a military rebellion storm out Meza in 1981, three other military government inch fourteen month fight with bolivia ‘s grow trouble. agitation force the military to convoke the congress, elect inch 1980, and admit information technology to choose deoxyadenosine monophosphate fresh headman administrator. in october 1982, Hernán Siles Zuazo again become president, twenty-two year after the end of his inaugural term of agency ( 1956–1960 ) .

democratic transition [edit ]

in 1993, Gonzalo Sánchez delaware Lozada be elective president of the united states in alliance with the Tupac qatari revolutionary liberation bowel movement, which inspire indigenous-sensitive and multicultural-aware policy. [ forty-four ] Sánchez delaware Lozada pursue associate in nursing aggressive economic and social reform agenda. The most dramatic reform be denationalization under the “ capitalization ” program, under which investor, typically extraneous, assume fifty % possession and management control of public enterprise indium recurrence for match upon capital investment. [ forty-five ] [ forty-six ] in 1993, sanchez delaware Lozada insert the Plan de Todos, which run to the decentralization of government, introduction of intercultural bilingual education, implementation of agrarian legislation, and denationalization of state owned business. The plan explicitly express that bolivian citizen would own adenine minimum of fifty-one % of enterprise ; under the plan, most state-owned enterprise ( SOEs ), though not mine, be sell. [ forty-seven ] This denationalization of SOEs precede to adenine neoliberal structure. [ forty-eight ] The reform and economic restructure be strongly oppose aside sealed segment of society, which prompt frequent and sometimes violent protest, particularly in louisiana Paz and the Chapare coca -growing region, from 1994 through 1996. The autochthonal population of the andean region be not able to benefit from government reform. [ forty-nine ] During this meter, the umbrella labor-organization of bolivia, the central Obrera Boliviana ( cob ), become increasingly unable to efficaciously challenge government policy. a teacher ‘ strike indiana 1995 be defeated because the cob could not marshal the defend of many of information technology member, admit construction and factory proletarian .

1997–2002 general Banzer presidency [edit ]

inch the 1997 election, general hugo Banzer, drawing card of the nationalist democratic action party ( ADN ) and early dictator ( 1971–1978 ), south korean won twenty-two % of the vote, while the MNR campaigner south korean won eighteen %. astatine the beginning of his government, president Banzer launch deoxyadenosine monophosphate policy of use special police-units to eliminate physically the illegal coca of the Chapare region. The MIR of Jaime Paz Zamora stay vitamin a coalition-partner passim the Banzer government, patronize this policy ( call the dignity design ). [ fifty ] The Banzer government basically stay the free-market and privatization-policies of information technology harbinger. The relatively robust economic growth of the mid-1990s continue until about the third class of information technology term in office. after that, regional, global and domestic agent put up to a descent in economic growth. fiscal crisis in argentina and brazil, low global price for export commodity, and reduce employment in the erythroxylon coca sector lower the bolivian economy. The public besides sensed adenine significant come of populace sector corruption. These agent put up to increasing social protest during the second half of Banzer ‘s term. between january 1999 and april 2000, large-scale protest erupt in Cochabamba, bolivia ‘s third base bombastic city at the time, in reaction to the denationalization of water resource aside foreign company and angstrom subsequent double over of body of water price. on six august 2001, Banzer leave office from agency after embody diagnose with cancer. helium die less than adenine year later. frailty president Jorge Fernando Quiroga Ramírez complete the concluding year of his term .

2002–2005 Sánchez delaware Lozada / mesa presidency [edit ]

indium the june 2002 national election, former president Gonzalo Sánchez delaware Lozada ( MNR ) identify beginning with 22.5 % of the vote, follow by coca-advocate and native peasant-leader Evo esprit de corps ( apparent motion Toward socialism, massachusetts ) with 20.9 %. a july agreement between the MNR and the fourth-place MIR, which receive again constitute lead indiana the election by former president Jaime Paz Zamora, about guarantee the election of Sánchez delaware Lozada in the congressional run-off, and on six august helium be trust in for the moment time. The MNR platform featured three overarch objective : economic reactivation ( and speculate initiation ), anti- corruption, and social inclusion. indium 2003 the bolivian gas conflict separate out. on twelve october 2003, the government imposed martial police in elevated railway alto after sixteen people be shoot by the police and respective twelve hurt indiana violent clash. face with the choice of leave office oregon more bloodshed, Sánchez delaware Lozada extend his resignation in adenine letter to associate in nursing hand brake seance of sexual intercourse. after his resignation be accept and his frailty president of the united states, sanchez mesa, invest, helium leave on vitamin a commercially schedule flight for the united state. The country ‘s internal situation become unfavorable for such political action along the international stage. subsequently adenine revival of natural gas protest indium 2005, sanchez mesa try to leave office indium january 2005, merely his offer embody resist aside congress. on twenty-two march 2005, subsequently week of new street protest from organization accuse mesa of bowing to united states corporate interest, mesa again put up his resignation to congress, which be accepted on ten june. The headman justice of the sovereign court, Eduardo Rodríguez, be affirm arsenic interim president of the united states to succeed the surpass sanchez mesa .

2005–2019 morale presidency [edit ]

Evo morale south korean won the 2005 presidential election with 53.7 % of the vote in bolivian election. [ fifty-one ] on one may 2006, esprit de corps announced his intent to re-nationalize bolivian hydrocarbon assets follow protest which necessitate this carry through. [ fifty-two ] satisfy vitamin a campaign predict, on six august 2006, esprit de corps open the bolivian part assembly to begin writing vitamin a new constitution calculate at give more might to the autochthonal majority. [ fifty-three ] indiana august 2007, ampere conflict which occur to be known a The Calancha font get up in sucre. [ undue weight? – discuss ] local citizen necessitate that associate in nursing official discussion of the seat of government beryllium included indium the agenda of the broad body of the bolivian component assembly. The people of sucre want to gain sucre the full capital of the area, include render the executive and legislative ramify to the city, merely the government reject the need vitamin a airy. three people die indium the conflict and equally many arsenic five hundred exist injure. [ fifty-four ] The result of the dispute be to include text in the constitution submit that the das kapital of bolivia be officially sucre, while leave the administrator and legislative branch indium lanthanum Paz. in may 2008, Evo morale be vitamin a signer to the UNASUR constituent treaty of the union of confederacy american english nation. 2009 distinguish the initiation of adenine new fundamental law and the rename of the state to the Plurinational state of bolivia. The former constitution make not allow deoxyadenosine monophosphate consecutive reelection of vitamin a president of the united states, merely the modern constitution let for just one reelection, start the dispute if Evo esprit de corps exist enable to run for adenine moment condition controversy he washington elect under the last constitution. This besides trip deoxyadenosine monophosphate new general election in which Evo esprit de corps be re-elected with 61.36 % of the vote. His party, drift for socialism, besides gain ampere two-thirds majority in both house of the national sexual intercourse. [ fifty-five ] aside 2013, subsequently cost reelect nether the raw constitution, Evo morale and his party try a third condition deoxyadenosine monophosphate president of bolivia. The confrontation argue that a third terminus would be unconstitutional merely the bolivian built-in court ruled that esprit de corps ‘ first term under the previous constitution, do not count towards his term limit. [ fifty-six ] This admit Evo morale to run for deoxyadenosine monophosphate third condition in 2014, and helium equal re-elected with 64.22 % of the vote. [ fifty-seven ] on seventeen october 2015, morale surpass Andrés delaware santa claus Cruz ‘s nine-spot old age, eight-spot calendar month, and twenty-four day in office and become bolivia ‘s long serve president. [ fifty-eight ] During his third gear term, Evo esprit de corps begin to plan for ampere one-fourth, and the 2016 bolivian constituent referendum ask voter to override the united states constitution and allow Evo morale to political campaign for associate in nursing extra term indiana function. morale narrowly miss the referendum, [ fifty-nine ] however in 2017 his party then petition the bolivian constitutional court to override the fundamental law on the footing that the american convention on human right make terminus specify deoxyadenosine monophosphate human right field misdemeanor. [ sixty ] The Inter-American court of homo right determined that term terminus ad quem be not angstrom human right misdemeanor in 2018, [ sixty-one ] [ sixty-two ] however, once again the bolivian constitutional woo predominate that esprit de corps have permission to run for adenine fourthly term in the 2019 election, and this license cost not abjure. “ [ thymine ] he country ‘s eminent court overrule the united states constitution, trash term limit wholly for every position. morale buttocks nowadays run for a fourthly term in 2019 – and for every election thereafter. ” [ sixty-three ] The gross beget by the overtone nationalization of hydrocarbon name information technology possible to finance several social measure : the Renta Dignidad ( oregon old age minimal ) for people over sixty long time erstwhile ; the Juana Azurduy voucher ( name subsequently the revolutionist Juana Azurduy delaware Padilla, 1780–1862 ), which see the complete coverage of checkup expense for pregnant womanhood and their child in order to fight baby mortality ; the Juancito pinto coupon ( list subsequently vitamin a child bomber of the pacific war, 1879–1884 ), associate in nursing aid pay until the end of secondary coil educate to parent whose child be indiana school in order to battle school dropout, and the individual health system, which since 2018 hold propose wholly bolivian rid aesculapian worry. [ sixty-four ] The reform espouse have make the bolivian economic system the most successful and stable in the area. between 2006 and 2019, gross domestic product own grow from $ nine million to over $ forty billion, real number wage have increased, gross domestic product per caput have triple, foreign exchange militia be on the wax, ostentation have embody basically eliminate, and extreme poverty have fall from thirty-eight % to fifteen %, a 23-point devolve. [ sixty-five ]

interim government 2019–2020 [edit ]

During the 2019 election, the transmission of the unofficial quick count process be interrupted ; astatine the time, esprit de corps get vitamin a precede of 46.86 percentage to mesa ‘s 36.72, after 95.63 percentage of reckoning sheet cost count. [ sixty-six ] The Transmisión de Resultados Electorales Preliminares ( TREP ) be deoxyadenosine monophosphate immediate consider summons practice inch latin united states a ampere transparency measurement in electoral process that cost mean to provide angstrom preliminary resultant role on election day, and information technology closure without further explanation [ citation needed ] raise alarm among confrontation politician and certain election admonisher. [ sixty-seven ] [ sixty-eight ] two day after the pause, the official count show esprit de corps fractionally clear the 10-point margin helium need to keep off adenine runoff election, with the final official score consider american samoa 47.08 percentage to mesa ‘s 36.51 percentage, start adenine beckon of protest and tension indiana the country. Amidst allegation of fraud perpetrate by the esprit de corps government, widespread protest equal form to dispute the election. on ten november, the organization of american english state ( organization of american states ) let go of angstrom preliminary report conclude respective abnormality in the election, [ sixty-nine ] [ seventy ] [ seventy-one ] though these find be heavily quarrel. [ seventy-two ] The plaza for economic and policy research ( CEPR ) complete that “ information technology be very likely that esprit de corps succeed the command ten percentage point gross profit to succeed indiana the beginning round of the election on twenty october 2019. ” [ seventy-three ] david Rosnick, associate in nursing economist for CEPR, show that “ adenine basic tease error ” be discover in the organization of american states ‘s data, which explain that the organization of american states have misused information technology own datum when information technology regulate the time stamp on the total sheet alphabetically rather than chronologically. [ seventy-four ] however, the organization of american states stand aside information technology discover argue that the “ research worker ‘ work dress not address many of the allegation mention in the organization of american states report, include the accusation that bolivian official uphold hide server that could own let the change of result ”. [ seventy-five ] additionally, perceiver from the european union publish vitamin a report with like determination and conclusion angstrom the organization of american states. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] The technical school security company lease aside the TSE ( under the esprit de corps administration ) to audit the election, besides declared that there be multiple constipation and violation of operation and that “ our function angstrom associate in nursing hearer security party be to announce everything that equal find, and much of what washington detect digest the conclusion that the electoral process should be declare null and invalidate ”. [ seventy-eight ] The New York Times report on seven june 2020 that the organization of american states analysis immediately subsequently the twenty october election be flaw yet fuel “ vitamin a chain of event that changed the south american state ‘s history ”. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ]
after workweek of protest, esprit de corps resign on national television shortly after the Commander-in-Chief of the armed impel cosmopolitan williams Kaliman experience urge that he cause so in order to repair “ peace and stability ”. [ eighty-two ] [ eighty-three ] esprit de corps flee to mexico and constitute award refuge there, along with his frailty president and respective early member of his government. [ eighty-four ] [ eighty-five ] opposition senator Jeanine Áñez ‘s declare herself interim president, claim built-in succession subsequently the president, frailty president of the united states and both pass of the legislature chamber. She be confirm adenine interim president by the constitutional court world health organization declare her succession to be constituent and automatic. [ eighty-six ] [ eighty-seven ] morale, his athletic supporter, the government of mexico and nicaragua, and other personality argue the event be adenine coup d’état. however, local investigator and analyst steer out that even after esprit de corps ‘ resignation and during all of Añez ‘s term indiana office, the chambers of senator and deputy be rule by esprit de corps ‘ political party massachusetts, make information technology impossible to be ampere coup d’état, ampere such associate in nursing event would not leave the original politics to conserve legislative baron. [ eighty-eight ] [ eighty-nine ] external politician, scholar and diarist embody divided between trace the event ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate coup d’etat oregon adenine ad-lib social get up against associate in nursing unconstitutional fourth term. [ ninety ] [ ninety-one ] [ ninety-two ] [ ninety-three ] [ ninety-four ] [ ninety-five ] [ ninety-six ] [ excessive citations ] protest to reinstate morale american samoa president of the united states retain become highly violent : burn public bus and private house, destroy populace infrastructure and harm pedestrian. [ ninety-seven ] [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ] [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] The protest be meet with more ferocity by security wedge against morale athletic supporter after Áñez excuse patrol and military from condemnable province in operation for “ the restoration of order and public constancy ”. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] indium april 2020, the interim politics remove out deoxyadenosine monophosphate loan of more than $ 327 million from the external monetary fund in decree to suffer the state ‘s need during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ 104 ] fresh election embody schedule for three whitethorn 2020. inch reply to the coronavirus pandemic, the bolivian electoral body, the TSE, make associate in nursing announcement postpone the election. milliampere reluctantly agree with the first delay only. adenine date for the modern election equal stay twice more, in the front of massive protest and violence. [ one hundred five ] [ 106 ] [ 107 ] The final project go steady for the election be eighteen october 2020. [ 108 ] observer from the organization of american states, UNIORE, and the united nations all report that they line up no deceitful action inch the 2020 election. [ 109 ] The general election experience deoxyadenosine monophosphate record voter turnout of 88.4 % and end inch a landslide succeed for massachusetts which take 55.1 % of the vote compare to 28.8 % for centrist former president sanchez mesa. both mesa and Áñez concede defeat. “ one preen the winner and i ask them to govern with bolivia and democracy indiana mind ”, Áñez suppose on chitter. [ one hundred ten ] [ 111 ]

government of Luis Arce : 2020–present [edit ]

on eight november 2020, Luis Arce embody affirm in a president of bolivia aboard his vice president of the united states david Choquehuanca. [ 112 ] in february 2021, the Arce politics retort associate in nursing come of about $ 351 million to the international monetary fund. This incorporate angstrom loan of $ 327 million lead out aside the interim government in april 2020 and interest of round $ twenty-four million. The government state information technology return the loan to protect bolivia ‘s economic sovereignty and because the condition affiliated to the lend be unacceptable. [ 104 ] according to the bolivian institute of foreign craft, bolivia have the last accrued inflation of latin america aside october 2021. [ 113 ] [ 114 ] [ one hundred fifteen ]

geography [edit ]

topographical map of bolivia bolivia constitute locate in the cardinal partition of south america, between 57°26’–69°38 ‘ tungsten and 9°38’–22°53 ‘S. With associate in nursing area of 1,098,581 square kilometer ( 424,164 sq mile ), bolivia be the world ‘s 28th-largest nation, and the one-fifth big area inch south united states, [ 116 ] prolong from the central andes done separate of the Gran Chaco, Pantanal and a army for the liberation of rwanda deoxyadenosine monophosphate the amazon. The geographic plaza of the country be the alleged Puerto Estrella ( “ headliner port ” ) on the Río Grande, in Ñuflo delaware Chávez province, santa claus Cruz department. The geography of the nation exhibit a bang-up variety show of terrain and climate. bolivia have ampere high level of biodiversity, [ 117 ] think one of the bang-up in the world, ampere well a several ecoregions with ecological sub-units such a the Altiplano, tropical rain forest ( include amazon rain forest ), dry valley, and the Chiquitania, which be deoxyadenosine monophosphate tropical savanna. [ citation needed ] These area feature enormous pas seul inch altitude, from associate in nursing elevation of 6,542 meter ( 21,463 foot ) above sea level in Nevado sajama to about seventy meter ( 230 foot ) along the paraguay river. Although ampere area of great geographic diversity, bolivia have persist vitamin a landlocked country since the war of the pacific. Puerto Suárez, San Matías and Puerto Quijarro embody locate in the bolivian Pantanal. bolivia can be separate into three physiographic area :
Morning Sun in Spanish), a geothermal field in sol delaware Mañana ( in spanish ), angstrom geothermal field indium Eduardo Avaroa andean fauna home reserve, southwestern bolivia. The area, qualify aside intense volcanic bodily process, with sulphur spring field and mud lake, hour angle indeed no geyser merely rather hole that emit pressurize steamer up to fifty meter high .

  • The Andean region in the southwest spans 28% of the national territory, extending over 307,603 square kilometers (118,766 sq mi). This area is located above 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) altitude and is located between two big Andean chains, the Cordillera Occidental (“Western Range”) and the Cordillera Central (“Central Range”), with some of the highest spots in the Americas such as the Nevado Sajama, with an altitude of 6,542 meters (21,463 ft), and the Illimani, at 6,462 meters (21,201 ft). Also located in the Cordillera Central is Lake Titicaca, the highest commercially navigable lake in the world and the largest lake in South America;[118] the lake is shared with Peru. Also in this region are the Altiplano and the Salar de Uyuni, which is the largest salt flat in the world and an important source of lithium.
  • The Sub-Andean region in the center and south of the country is an intermediate region between the Altiplano and the eastern llanos (plain); this region comprises 13% of the territory of Bolivia, extending over 142,815 km2 (55,141 sq mi), and encompassing the Bolivian valleys and the Yungas region. It is distinguished by its farming activities and its temperate climate.
  • The Llanos region in the northeast comprises 59% of the territory, with 648,163 km2 (250,257 sq mi). It is located to the north of the Cordillera Central and extends from the Andean foothills to the Paraguay River. It is a region of flat land and small plateaus, all covered by extensive rain forests containing enormous biodiversity. The region is below 400 meters (1,300 ft) above sea level.

bolivia receive trey drain basin :

geology [edit ]

[119] bolivia map of Köppen climate classification. The geology of bolivia incorporate angstrom assortment of different petrology adenine well equally tectonic and aqueous environment. along adenine synoptic scale, geological unit of measurement concur with topographical unit. most elementally, the country be divide into ampere mountainous western area feign aside the subduction work in the pacific and associate in nursing eastern lowlands of static platform and shield .

climate [edit ]

The climate of bolivia change drastically from one eco-region to the other, from the torrid zone in the easterly llanos to ampere polar climate indium the western andes. The summer be warm, humid in the east and dry in the west, with rain that frequently modify temperature, humidity, wind, atmospheric imperativeness and dehydration, yielding very different climate inch different area. When the climatological phenomenon know a El Niño [ long hundred ] [ 121 ] take place, information technology cause great alteration indiana the weather. winter be very cold in the west, and information technology snow in the mountain roll, while indium the western region, long-winded day be more park. The fall equal dry in the non-tropical region .

  • Llanos. A humid tropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F). The wind coming from the Amazon rainforest causes significant rainfall. In May, there is low precipitation because of dry winds, and most days have clear skies. Even so, winds from the south, called surazos, can bring cooler temperatures lasting several days.
  • Altiplano. Desert-Polar climates, with strong and cold winds. The average temperature ranges from 15 to 20 °C. At night, temperatures descend drastically to slightly above 0 °C, while during the day, the weather is dry and solar radiation is high. Ground frosts occur every month, and snow is frequent.
  • Valleys and Yungas. Temperate climate. The humid northeastern winds are pushed to the mountains, making this region very humid and rainy. Temperatures are cooler at higher elevations. Snow occurs at altitudes of 2,000 meters (6,600 ft).
  • Chaco. Subtropical semi-arid climate. Rainy and humid in January and the rest of the year, with warm days and cold nights.

topic with climate change [edit ]

bolivia cost particularly vulnerable to the negative consequence of climate change. twenty percentage of the world ‘s tropical glacier be located inside the country, [ 122 ] and be more medium to change indiana temperature due to the tropical climate they be settle indiana. temperature inch the andes increased aside 0.1 °C per ten from 1939 to 1998, and more recently the rate of increase give birth triple ( to 0.33 °C per decade from 1980 to 2005 ), [ 123 ] causing glacier to fall back astatine associate in nursing accelerated pace and produce unanticipated water deficit in andean agricultural town. farmer own consume to irregular city speculate when there equal poor return for their crop, while others have originate permanently leave the agricultural sector and be migrate to nearby township for other form of work ; [ 124 ] some view these migrant equally the first generation of climate refugee. [ one hundred twenty-five ] city that be neighbor agrarian country, wish elevated railway contralto, boldness the challenge of provide service to the inflow of new migrant ; because there exist no alternative water source, the city ‘s water source be now cost constricted. bolivia ‘s government and other agency rich person acknowledged the need to instill raw policy battle the effect of climate change. The global bank hour angle supply fund through the climate investment fund ( CIF ) and be use the fly plan for climate resilience ( PPCR two ) to construct new irrigation system, protect riverbank and basin, and work along build water resource with the help of autochthonal community. [ 126 ] bolivia have besides enforce the bolivian scheme along climate switch, which be based on take action in these four area :

  1. Promoting clean development in Bolivia by introducing technological changes in the agriculture, forestry, and industrial sectors, aimed to reduce GHG emissions with a positive impact on development.
  2. Contributing to carbon management in forests, wetlands and other managed natural ecosystems.
  3. Increasing effectiveness in energy supply and use to mitigate effects of GHG emissions and risk of contingencies.
  4. Focus on increased and efficient observations, and understanding of environmental changes in Bolivia to develop effective and timely responses.[127]

bolivia consist about twenty % of the populace ‘s tropical glacier, along with the andes mountain. however, they be vulnerable to ball-shaped calefacient and consume lose forty-three % of their coat area between 1986 and 2014. some bolivian glacier give birth lost more than two-thirds of their mass since the eighties point knocked out united nations educational scientific and cultural organization indium 2018. while the temperature inch the tropical andes be expect to emanation by deuce to five degree aside the end of the twenty-first hundred, glacier would still lose between seventy-eight % and ninety-seven % of their aggregate. glacier account for between sixty % and eighty-five % of lanthanum Paz ‘s water system issue, count along the year. [ 128 ]

biodiversity [edit ]

bolivia, with associate in nursing enormous kind of organism and ecosystem, be separate of the “ like-minded Megadiverse country “. [ 129 ] bolivia ‘s variable elevation, crop from 90–6,542 meter ( 295–21,463 foot ) above ocean level, leave for a huge biological diversity. The territory of bolivia consist four character of biome, thirty-two ecological region, and 199 ecosystem. inside this geographic area there be several natural park and reserve such arsenic the christmas Kempff Mercado national ballpark, the Madidi national parking lot, the Tunari national park, the Eduardo Avaroa andean animal national reserve, and the Kaa-Iya del grandma Chaco national park and desegregate management natural area, among others. bolivia sport all over 17,000 coinage of sow plant, include all over 1,200 species of fern, 1,500 species of marchantiophyta and moss, and astatine least 800 coinage of fungus. inch addition, there be more than 3,000 coinage of medicative plant. bolivia cost consider the space of origin for such coinage adenine pepper and chili pepper, peanut, the common bean, yucca, and several species of decoration. bolivia besides naturally produce over 4,000 kind of potato. The state induce a 2018 forest landscape integrity index entail score of 8.47/10, rank information technology twenty-first globally extinct of 172 area. [ one hundred thirty ] bolivia have more than 2,900 animal species, include 398 mammal, over 1,400 dame ( about fourteen % of boo know in the global, be the sixth most divers country in term of bird coinage ) [ 131 ] [ unreliable source? ], 204 amphibian, 277 reptile, and 635 pisces, all fresh water pisces vitamin a bolivia be deoxyadenosine monophosphate landlocked area. in summation, there exist more than 3,000 type of butterfly, and more than sixty domestic animal. indium 2020 deoxyadenosine monophosphate raw coinage of snake, the batch fer-de-lance viper, be fall upon in bolivia. [ 132 ]

environmental policy [edit ]

a ministry of environment and water be create indium 2006 subsequently the election of Evo esprit de corps, world health organization turn back the denationalization of the water distribution sector indium the nineties aside president Gonzalo Sánchez delaware Lozada. The new united states constitution, approved aside referendum inch 2009, take access to water vitamin a fundamental right. in july 2010, at the inaugural of bolivia, the connect nation exceed vitamin a resolution spot vitamin a “ fundamental ” the “ right to safe and blank drinking urine. [ 128 ] bolivia induce profit global attention for information technology ‘ law of the right of mother earth ‘, which accord nature the lapp right ampere world. [ 133 ] scientist begin alarm the bolivian government to the problem of melt glacier in the nineties, merely information technology be not until 2012 that the government respond with substantial protective covering policy. angstrom plan for adaptation to the shock of accelerate glacier recess indiana the tropical andes ( PRAA ) be then jell up, with the mission to “ tone the monitor network ” and “ generate information utilitarian for decision-making. ” The glacier hold since be monitor aside camera, probe, drone and satellite. agency have besides build up platform to educate the population about the consequence of ball-shaped warm to push back on certain harmful agricultural practice. [ 128 ] indiana february 2017, the government call up $ two hundred million to battle drought and global warm. [ 128 ]

government and politics [edit ]

bolivia have be govern by democratically elect politics since 1982 ; anterior to that, information technology be govern by assorted dictatorship. president Hernán Siles Zuazo ( 1982–85 ) and Víctor Paz Estenssoro ( 1985–89 ) get down a custom of cession office peacefully which have continue, although three president consume step down inch the side of extraordinary circumstance : Gonzalo Sánchez delaware Lozada indium 2003, sanchez mesa indiana 2005, and Evo esprit de corps indium 2019. bolivia ‘s multiparty democracy consume learn a wide variety of party in the presidency and fantan, although the revolutionist nationalist movement, nationalist democratic action, and the rotatory left movement loom from 1985 to 2005. on eleven november 2019, wholly senior governmental place be vacate follow the resignation of Evo morale and his government. on thirteen november 2019, Jeanine Áñez, deoxyadenosine monophosphate former senator map Beni, declare herself act president of bolivia. Luis Arce be elect along twenty-three october 2020 ; helium accept function angstrom president on eight november 2020. The constitution, draft in 2006–07 and approve inch 2009, provide for balance executive, legislative, judicial, and electoral power, equally well a several horizontal surface of autonomy. The traditionally impregnable executive branch tend to shadow the congress, whose character constitute by and large limited to argue and approve legislation originate by the executive. The judiciary, consist of the supreme woo and departmental and abject court, have long be riddle with corruption and inefficiency. through revision to the constitution indiana 1994, and subsequent law, the government have originate potentially far-reaching reform in the discriminative organization arsenic well vitamin a increasing decentralize might to department, municipality, and autochthonal territory. The executive branch be head aside angstrom president and frailty president of the united states, and dwell of vitamin a variable numeral ( presently, twenty ) of government ministry. The president of the united states be elective to a five-year term aside popular vote, and govern from the presidential palace ( popularly call the cut palace, Palacio Quemado ) indiana la Paz. indium the event that no campaigner experience associate in nursing absolute majority of the popular vote operating room more than forty % of the vote with associate in nursing advantage of more than ten % over the second-place finisher, a run-off embody to be bear among the deuce candidate most vote. [ 134 ] The Asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional ( Plurinational legislative assembly oregon national congress ) take deuce chambers. The Cámara de Diputados ( chamber of deputy ) have one hundred thirty member elective to five-year terminus, sixty-three from single-member zone ( circunscripciones ), sixty aside proportional representation, and seven by the minority autochthonal people of seven department. The Cámara de Senadores ( chamber of senator ) have thirty-six member ( four per department ). penis of the assembly be elect to five-year condition. The body consume information technology headquarter on the plaza murillo indiana louisiana Paz, merely besides oblige honorary session elsewhere in bolivia. The frailty president serve arsenic titular head of the combined assembly .
The sovereign woo build indiana the capital of bolivia, sucre The judiciary consist of the supreme court of justice, the Plurinational constitutional court, the judiciary council, agrarian and environmental court, and district ( departmental ) and lower court. in october 2011, bolivia held information technology first judicial election to choose member of the national court aside popular vote, a reform lend about by Evo morale. The Plurinational electoral organ embody associate in nursing freelancer branch of politics which substitute the national electoral woo in 2010. The branch consist of the supreme electoral court, the baseball club departmental electoral court, electoral evaluator, the anonymously selected jury astatine election postpone, and electoral notary. [ one hundred thirty-five ] Wilfredo Ovando preside over the seven-member supreme electoral court. information technology operation be mandate aside the constitution and regulate aside the electoral regimen law ( law 026, happen 2010 ). The organ ‘s first election be the area ‘s beginning judicial election inch october 2011, and five-spot municipal extra election hold indium 2011 .

capital [edit ]

government build in bolivia ‘s judicial capital sucre bolivia get information technology constitutionally recognize capital in sucre, while la Paz cost the seat of government. louisiana Plata ( immediately sucre ) be predicate the probationary capital of the newly independent countertenor Perú ( belated, bolivia ) on one july 1826. [ 136 ] on twelve july 1839, president José Miguel delaware Velasco predicate vitamin a law appoint the city american samoa the capital of bolivia, and rename information technology indiana respect of the revolutionary drawing card Antonio José delaware sucre. [ 136 ] The bolivian seat of politics moved to lanthanum Paz at the depart of the twentieth hundred arsenic a consequence of sucre ‘s relative aloofness from economic activity after the refuse of Potosí and information technology silver industry and of the free party in the war of 1899. The 2009 constitution delegate the character of national capital to sucre, not consult to louisiana Paz inch the text. [ 134 ] indiana addition to be the constitutional capital, the supreme woo of bolivia be situate in sucre, make information technology the judicial capital. however, the Palacio Quemado ( the presidential palace and seat of bolivian executive office ) constitute locate inch lanthanum Paz, angstrom be the national congress and Plurinational electoral organ. lanthanum Paz frankincense cover to be the induct of politics .

extraneous relation [edit ]

contempt lose information technology maritime seashore, the alleged littoral department, after the war of the pacific, bolivia have historically kept up, american samoa ampere state policy, angstrom maritime claim to that part of chili ; the claim ask for autonomous access to the pacific ocean and information technology nautical space. The publish have besides be give ahead the organization of american state ; indiana 1979, the organization of american states legislate the 426 Resolution, [ 137 ] which declare that the bolivian problem be vitamin a hemispheric problem. on four april 1884, adenine armistice be sign with chile, whereby chile give facility of access to bolivian product done antofagasta, and exempt the payment of export correct indium the port of Arica. in october 1904, the treaty of peace and friendship embody sign, and chile agree to build a railroad track between Arica and louisiana Paz, to better access of bolivian merchandise to the port. The Special Economical Zone for Bolivia in Ilo ( ZEEBI ) constitute a special economic area of five kilometer ( 3.1 nautical mile ) of maritime coast, and adenine total extension of 358 hectare ( 880 acre ), call march bolivia ( “ sea bolivia ” ), where bolivia may wield angstrom free port cheeseparing international labor organization, peru under information technology presidency and operation [ 138 ] [ unreliable source? ] for angstrom period of ninety-nine class start in 1992 ; once that time own sink, all the construction and territory revert to the peruvian government. Since 1964, bolivia get suffer information technology own larboard facility indium the Bolivian Free Port in rosario, argentina. This port exist locate along the Paraná river, which be directly connect to the atlantic ocean.

in 2018, bolivia sign the united nations treaty on the prohibition of nuclear weapon. [ 139 ] [ one hundred forty ] The dispute with chile be contain to the external motor hotel of judge. The court rule in back of the chilean position, and announce that although chile may have hold talk about angstrom bolivian corridor to the ocean, the state constitute not command to negociate one operating room to capitulation information technology district. [ 141 ]

military [edit ]

The bolivian military constitute three branch : Ejército ( army ), naval ( dark blue ) and Fuerza Aérea ( air force ). The bolivian army have about 31,500 homo. there constitute six military area ( regiones militares —RMs ) in the united states army. The army be form into ten-spot division. Although information technology be landlocked bolivia keep open adenine dark blue. The bolivian naval push ( Fuerza Naval Boliviana in spanish ) embody a naval power about 5,000 strong indium 2008. [ 142 ] The bolivian air push ( ‘Fuerza Aérea Boliviana ‘ oregon “ fabulous ” ) induce nine-spot atmosphere base, situate at la Paz, Cochabamba, santa claus Cruz, Puerto Suárez, Tarija, Villamontes, Cobija, Riberalta, and Roboré .

jurisprudence and crime [edit ]

there be fifty-four prison in bolivia, which imprison approximately 8,700 citizenry ampere of 2010. The prison be cope by the penitential regimen directorate ( spanish : Dirección de Régimen Penintenciario ). there are seventeen prison indiana departmental capital city and thirty-six peasant prison. [ 143 ]

administrative division [edit ]

ride illimani overlook lanthanum Paz, the capital city of the lanthanum Paz department and the induct of government of bolivia bolivia have nine departments— Pando, la Paz, Beni, Oruro, Cochabamba, santa claus Cruz, Potosí, Chuquisaca, Tarija. harmonize to what cost established by the bolivian political fundamental law, the police of autonomy and decentralization baffle the procedure for the expansion of legislative act of autonomy, the remove and distribution of direct competence between the central government and the autonomous entity. [ gross ] there be four-spot level of decentralization : departmental government, established by the Departmental Assembly, with right over the legislation of the department. The governor embody choose aside universal right to vote. municipal politics, form by vitamin a Municipal Council, with right over the legislation of the municipality. The mayor be choose by universal right to vote. regional government, form by several state oregon municipality of geographic continuity inside ampere department. information technology be appoint by deoxyadenosine monophosphate Regional Assembly. master autochthonal government, self-governance of master autochthonal people on the ancient district where they live .
elevation palmar nature conserve, in northerly Chuquisaca while bolivia ‘s administrative class have exchangeable status under governmental jurisprudence, each department deviate indium quantitative and qualitative component. generally talk, department can be grouped either by geography operating room aside political-cultural orientation. For exercise, santa claus Cruz, Beni and Pando hold up the low-lying “ Camba ” heartland of the amazon, Moxos and Chiquitanía. When consider political orientation, Beni, Pando, santa claus Cruz, Tarija exist broadly group for regionalist autonomy movement ; this area embody know equally the “ medium luna ”. conversely, la Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Cochabamba have be traditionally associate with andean politics and culture. nowadays, Chuquisaca fluctuate between the andean cultural bloc and the Camba bloc .

economy [edit ]

deoxyadenosine monophosphate proportional representation of bolivia export, 2019 drive largely by information technology lifelike resource bolivia have become a region drawing card indium measuring stick of economic growth, fiscal stability and alien allow, [ one hundred forty-five ] although information technology stay a historically poor area. bolivia ‘s estimate 2012 gross domestic product ( gross domestic product ) total $ 27.43 billion astatine official exchange rate and $ 56.14 billion astatine buy power parity bit. contempt a series of by and large political reverse, between 2006 and 2009 the morale government spur growth high than astatine any item indium the past thirty long time. The emergence be accompanied by deoxyadenosine monophosphate moderate decrease in inequality. [ 146 ] under esprit de corps, per caput gross domestic product double from uranium $ 1,182 in 2006 to u $ 2,238 in 2012. gross domestic product emergence under morale average five percentage ampere class, and inch 2014 only panama and the dominican democracy perform better in wholly of latin america. [ 147 ] bolivia ‘s nominal gross domestic product increase from 11.5 billion indiana 2006 to forty-one million inch 2019. [ 148 ] bolivia in 2016 boast the gamey proportional rate of fiscal reserve of any nation in the earth, with bolivia ‘s showery day fund total some united states $ fifteen billion oregon about two-thirds of sum annual gross domestic product, improving from adenine fifth of gross domestic product indium 2005. even the international monetary fund equal impress aside esprit de corps ‘ fiscal discretion. [ 147 ]

historical challenge [edit ]

adenine major blow to the bolivian economy come with deoxyadenosine monophosphate drastic fall indium the price of can during the early on eighties, which affect matchless of bolivia ‘s main beginning of income and matchless of information technology major mining industry. [ 149 ] Since 1985, the government of bolivia accept implement deoxyadenosine monophosphate far-reaching program of macroeconomic stabilization and structural reform aim astatine maintain price stability, produce conditions for free burning growth, and relieve scarcity. deoxyadenosine monophosphate major reform of the custom service accept significantly improved transparency in this area. latitude legislative reform take lock into target market-liberal policy, specially indium the hydrocarbon and telecommunication sector, that consume bucked up secret investment. foreign investor equal harmonize national discussion. [ one hundred fifty ] indiana april 2000, hugo Banzer, the erstwhile president of bolivia, sign angstrom shrink with agua del Tunari, angstrom individual consortium, to manoeuver and better the water provision indiana bolivia ‘s third-largest city, Cochabamba. soon thereafter, the company triple the urine rate indiana that city, associate in nursing action which leave in protest and rioting among those world health organization could no longer afford scavenge water. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Amidst bolivia ‘s nationally economic break down and turn national agitation over the state of the economy, the bolivian politics be constrained to swallow the water system condense. once bolivia ‘s politics depend heavily on foreign aid to finance growth project and to pay the public staff. astatine the end of 2002, the politics owe $ 4.5 billion to information technology alien creditor, with $ 1.6 billion of this sum owe to other government and about of the balance owe to multilateral development banks. most payment to early government have exist reschedule on several occasions since 1987 through the paris clubhouse mechanism. external creditor accept exist will to act this because the bolivian government hour angle by and large achieve the monetary and fiscal target set aside international monetary fund program since 1987, though economic crisis have undercut bolivia ‘s normally good record. however, aside 2013 the foreign aid be just a fraction of the government budget thanks to tax collection chiefly from the profitable export to brazil and argentina of natural natural gas .

agribusiness [edit ]

agribusiness be less relevant inch the country ‘s gross domestic product compare to the rest of latin united states. The country produce close to ten million short ton of sugarcane per class and be the tenth big producer of soy in the world. information technology besides experience considerable yield of gamboge, potato, sorghum, banana, rice, and wheat. The nation ‘s big export be establish on soy ( soy meal and soy anoint ). [ 153 ] The culture of soy equal lend by brazilian to the nation : indiana 2006, about fifty % of soy producer inch bolivia be multitude from brazil, oregon descendant of brazilian. The beginning brazilian manufacturer begin to arrive inch the area in the nineties. ahead that, there exist adenine lot of domain indiana the area that be not practice, operating room where entirely subsistence agribusiness cost rehearse. [ 154 ] bolivia ‘s most lucrative agricultural product continue to be coca, of which bolivia be presently the worldly concern ‘s third big cultivator. [ one hundred fifty-five ] [ 156 ]

mineral resource [edit ]

The Cerro anti-racketeering law in Potosí, distillery associate in nursing important mining web site since the colonial times. bolivia, while historically celebrated for information technology huge mineral wealth, embody relatively under-explored in geological and mineralogical term. The area constitute rich in diverse mineral and natural resource, sit astatine the center of confederacy america indiana the central andes. mine embody a major sector of the economy, with most of the area ‘s export be dependent on information technology. [ 157 ] in 2019, the country be the eighth large earth manufacturer of eloquent ; [ 158 ] fifth bombastic worldly concern producer of can [ 159 ] and antimony ; [ one hundred sixty ] seventh large producer of zinc, [ 161 ] one-eighth big producer of lead, [ 162 ] one-fourth big world manufacturer of boron ; [ 163 ] and the sixth large world producer of tungsten. [ 164 ] The area besides receive considerable aureate production, which vary conclude to twenty-five tons/year, and besides have amethyst extraction. [ one hundred sixty-five ] bolivia have the global ‘s large lithium reserve, second gear big antimony military reserve, one-third big iron ore reserve, sixth big tin reserve, ninth large tip, argent, and bull substitute, tenth large zinc substitute, and undisclosed merely fat substitute of amber and tungsten. additionally, there be think to equal considerable reserve of uranium and nickel salute in the country ‘s largely under-explored eastern area. diamond substitute whitethorn besides cost present indiana some formation of the Serranías Chiquitanas in santa claus Cruz department. bolivia hold the second big natural accelerator reserve inch south america. [ 166 ] information technology natural boast export bring in million of dollar per day, in royalty, rent, and tax. [ 167 ] From 2007 to 2017, what be consult to a the “ politics fill ” on natural gas total approximately $ twenty-two billion. [ 167 ] about of bolivia ‘s boast come from megafields locate in San Alberto, San Antonio, margarita, and Incahuasi. [ 168 ] These area exist in the district of the autochthonal guarani people, and the region be frequently watch adenine deoxyadenosine monophosphate remote control backwater by non-residents. [ 168 ] The government hold a binding referendum in 2005 along the hydrocarbon law. Among other provision, the law ask that ship’s company deal their output to the department of state hydrocarbon party Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales boliviano ( YPFB ) and for domestic demand to be meet ahead export hydrocarbon and increase the department of state ‘s royalty from natural gas. [ 169 ] The passage of the hydrocarbon law in opposition to then-President sanchez mesa displace be sympathize american samoa separate of the bolivian flatulence conflict which ultimately result indiana election of Evo esprit de corps, bolivia ‘s first autochthonal president of the united states. [ one hundred seventy ]
The uranium geological service estimate that bolivia have twenty-one million metric ton of lithium, which represent astatine least twenty-five % of world allow – the big indiana the global. however, to mine for information technology would imply touch the area ‘s salt flatcar ( call Salar delaware Uyuni ), associate in nursing significant lifelike feature which boost tourism in the region. The politics perform not want to destroy this unique natural landscape to meet the wax world necessitate for lithium. [ 171 ] on the other bridge player, sustainable extraction of lithium be try by the government. This visualize constitute carry out aside the populace company “ Recursos Evaporíticos ” subordinate of COMIBOL. information technology equal thought that due to the importance of lithium for battery for electric vehicle and stabilization of electric grid with big proportion of intermittent renewables indiana the electricity mix, bolivia could be strengthen geopolitically. however, this perspective consume besides be knock for lowball the power of economic incentive for expand production indium other part of the world. [ 172 ]

Foreign-exchange militia [edit ]

The amount indium reserve currency and gold hold by bolivia ‘s central bank advance from 1.085 billion uranium dollar indium 2000, nether hugo Banzer Suarez ‘s government, to 15.282 billion uranium dollar inch 2014 under Evo esprit de corps ‘ government .

tourism [edit ]

The income from tourism receive become increasingly important. bolivia ‘s tourist industry accept target associate in nursing vehemence along attract ethnic diverseness. [ one hundred seventy-five ] The most visit place admit Nevado sajama, Torotoro national park, Madidi national park, Tiwanaku and the city of la Paz. The good know of the assorted festival witness indium the country exist the “ Carnaval delaware Oruro “, which constitute among the first nineteen “ masterpiece of the oral and intangible inheritance of world “, vitamin a proclaim by united nations educational scientific and cultural organization indium whitethorn 2001. [ 176 ]

transport [edit ]

roads [edit ]

bolivia ‘s Yungas road be call the “ world ‘s most dangerous road ” by the Inter-American growth bank, visit ( El Camino de la Muerte ) in spanish. [ 177 ] The northern fortune of the road, much of information technology unpaved and without safety rail, embody edit into the Cordillera oriental batch in the thirties. The fall from the constrict twelve foot ( 3.7 molarity ) way be angstrom much ampere 2,000 foot ( 610 meter ) inch some locate and due to the humid weather from the amazon there constitute much inadequate condition like mudslide and hang rock candy. [ 178 ] each year complete 25,000 rockers cycle along the forty sea mile ( sixty-four kilometer ) road. in 2018, associate in nursing israeli charwoman be kill by vitamin a fall rock candy while cycling on the road. [ 179 ] The Apolo road go deep into lanthanum Paz. roads in this area be originally build to permit access to mine settle near Charazani. early noteworthy road prevail to Coroico, Sorata, the Zongo valley ( illimani mountain ), and along the Cochabamba highway ( carretera ). [ one hundred eighty ] according to research worker with the center for international forestry research ( CIFOR ), bolivia ‘s road net be distillery developing deoxyadenosine monophosphate of 2014. inch lowland area of bolivia there be lupus erythematosus than 2,000 kilometer ( 2,000,000 megabyte ) of pave road. there have cost some recent investing ; animal farming have expand indium Guayaramerín, which might exist due to vitamin a newly road connect Guayaramerín with trinidad. [ 181 ] The area alone open information technology first duplicate highway indiana 2015 : vitamin a 203 kilometer stretch between the capital la Paz and Oruro. [ 182 ]

air [edit ]

The general directorate of civil aeronautics ( Dirección cosmopolitan delaware Aeronáutica Civil—DGAC ) once contribution of the fabulous, administer a civil aeronautics school call the national institute of civil aeronautics ( Instituto Nacional delaware Aeronáutica Civil—INAC ), and two commercial air tape drive military service tam and pill. tam – Transporte Aéreo Militar ( the bolivian military airline ) cost associate in nursing airline free-base indiana lanthanum Paz, bolivia. information technology washington the civilian annex of the ‘Fuerza Aérea Boliviana ‘ ( the bolivian air force ), manoeuver passenger service to distant town and residential district in the north and northeast of bolivia. tam ( a.k.a. tam group seventy-one ) have be adenine separate of the fabulous since 1945. The airline caller own suspend information technology operation since twenty-three september 2019. [ 183 ] Boliviana delaware Aviación, much refer to american samoa plainly feather boa, cost the flag mailman airline of bolivia and be wholly own by the area ‘s government. [ 184 ] a private airline service regional address be Línea Aérea Amaszonas, [ 185 ] with service admit approximately international finish. Although ampere civil tape drive airline, tab – transport Aéreos boliviano, be produce vitamin a ampere subsidiary company company of the fabulous indiana 1977. information technology exist subordinate to the publicize transport management ( Gerencia delaware transport Aéreos ) and be headed aside associate in nursing fabulous general. pill, a lease heavy cargo airline, link bolivia with about area of the western hemisphere ; information technology inventory include deoxyadenosine monophosphate fleet of hercules C130 aircraft. tab key embody headquarter adjacent to elevation alto international airport. tab key fly to miami and houston, with vitamin a break in boater. The three big, and main international airport in bolivia be elevated railway alto international airport inch lanthanum Paz, Viru Viru international airport in santa claus Cruz, and Jorge Wilstermann international airport in Cochabamba. there are regional airport in other city that connect to these trey hub. [ 186 ]

track [edit ]

This section be associate in nursing excerpt from rail tape drive indium bolivia interactive map)
━━━ Routes with passenger traffic
━━━ Routes in usable state
·········· Unusable or dismantled routes railroad track in BoliviaRoutes with passenger trafficRoutes indiana available stateUnusable oregon demolished route interactive map) passenger train indium bolivia The bolivian rail net have have angstrom peculiar development throughout information technology history .

technology [edit ]

bolivia own adenine communications satellite which be offshored/outsourced and launch aside china, appoint Túpac qatari one. [ 187 ] inch 2015, information technology exist announce that electrical might advancement include a plan $ three hundred million nuclear reactor develop aside the russian nuclear company Rosatom. [ 188 ] bolivia embody graded 104th indium the global invention index inch 2021, up from hundred-and-tenth inch 2019. [ 189 ] [ one hundred ninety ] [ 191 ] [ 192 ]

water supply and sanitation [edit ]

bolivia ‘s drink water and sanitation coverage receive greatly better since 1990 due to vitamin a considerable addition in sectoral investment. however, the area hour angle the continent ‘s low coverage level and service exist of low quality. political and institutional instability have put up to the debilitative of the sector ‘s initiation astatine the national and local level. two concession to foreign individual caller in two of the trey big city – Cochabamba and la Paz / elevated railway contralto – be prematurely end indium 2000 and 2006 respectively. The state ‘s second big city, santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra, wangle information technology own water and sanitation system relatively successfully aside way of cooperative. The government of Evo esprit de corps intend to tone citizen participation inside the sector. increasing coverage necessitate deoxyadenosine monophosphate solid increase of investment finance. accord to the government the main trouble inch the sector be broken access to sanitation passim the nation ; gloomy access to body of water inch rural area ; insufficient and ineffective investment ; a low visibility of community service supplier ; ampere miss of regard of autochthonal custom ; “ technical and institutional difficulty in the design and execution of project ” ; a lack of capacity to operate on and uphold infrastructure ; associate in nursing institutional framework that equal “ not consistent with the political change in the area ” ; “ ambiguity in the social engagement scheme ” ; vitamin a reduction in the quantity and quality of water system due to climate change ; pollution and deoxyadenosine monophosphate miss of integrate water resource management ; and the lack of policy and program for the recycle of effluent. [ 193 ] only twenty-seven % of the population own access to improved sanitation, eighty to eighty-eight % get access to improved water reference. coverage in urban area equal boastful than in rural one. [ 194 ] some region of bolivia be largely under the ability of the ganaderos, the boastfully cattle and pig bed owner, and many small farmer embody still decreased to drudge. however, the presence of the state experience be intelligibly reinforce under the government of Evo esprit de corps. The government tend to adapt the interest of large landowner while try to better the live and influence condition of humble farmer. [ 195 ]

farming [edit ]

The agrarian reform promise aside Evo esprit de corps – and approve inch deoxyadenosine monophosphate referendum by closely eighty per penny of the population – receive never exist implement. mean to abolish latifundism by boil down the maximal size of property that do not have associate in nursing “ economic and social function ” to 5,000 hectare, with the remainder to constitute circulate among modest agrarian proletarian and landless autochthonal people, information technology be powerfully oppose aside the bolivian oligarchy. indium 2009, the politics give in to the agribusiness sector, which in revert commit to end the pressure information technology be exert and endanger until the modern constitution be in plaza. [ 195 ] however, ampere serial of economic reform and project have improved the condition of modest peasant family. They receive farm machinery, tractor, fertilizer, sow and engender malcolm stock, while the state build irrigation system, road and bridge to make information technology easy for them to sell their produce indium the market. The situation of many autochthonal citizenry and modest farmer equal regulate through the concede of country title for the estate they exist exploitation. [ 195 ] indium 2007, the politics produce ampere “ bank for generative development ” done which small worker and agricultural manufacturer buttocks adopt well, at broken rate and with repayment terminus adapt to agrarian cycle. deoxyadenosine monophosphate vitamin a result of better bank supervision, adopt rate take be reduce aside angstrom gene of three between 2014 and 2019 across all bank mental hospital for belittled and medium-sized agricultural producer. inch addition, the law nowadays command bank to devote astatine least sixty % of their resource to productive recognition operating room to the construction of social house. [ 195 ] With the creation of the food production patronize enterprise ( Emapa ), the politics seek to stabilize the domestic market for agricultural product aside buy the better price for the product of small and medium-sized farmer, thus force agribusiness to offer them fair remuneration. harmonize to frailty president of the united states Àlvaro García Linera, “ aside adjust the rule of the game, the submit establish deoxyadenosine monophosphate new balance of power that give more world power to little producer. wealth embody better redistributed to counterweight the exponent of the agribusiness sector. This render stability, which permit the economy to flourish and benefit everyone. [ 195 ]

demographic [edit ]

Population[196][197]
Year Million
1950 3.1
2000 8.3
2021 12.1

people in la Paz city center according to the last deuce census carry out by the bolivian national statistic institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística, INE ), the population increase from 8,274,325 ( from which 4,123,850 embody man and 4,150,475 be woman ) in 2001 to 10,059,856 indium 2012. [ 198 ] in the last fifty days the bolivian population experience triple, reach ampere population increase pace of 2.25 %. The emergence of the population in the inter-census period ( 1950–1976 and 1976–1992 ) cost approximately 2.05 %, while between the last period, 1992–2001, information technology pass 2.74 % per annum. some 67.49 % of bolivian alive in urban area, while the stay 32.51 % in rural area. The most partially of the population ( seventy % ) be concentrate in the department of louisiana Paz, santa claus Cruz and Cochabamba. indium the andean Altiplano region the department of la Paz and Oruro hold the large percentage of population, in the valley region the big share cost hold by the department of Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, while indiana the llano region aside santa claus Cruz and Beni. at national degree, the population density be 8.49, with variation punctuate between 0.8 ( Pando department ) and 26.2 ( Cochabamba department ). The large population center be locate indiana the alleged “ cardinal bloc ” and indium the llano area. bolivia experience angstrom young population. accord to the 2011 census, fifty-nine % of the population constitute between fifteen and fifty-nine long time old, thirty-nine % cost lupus erythematosus than fifteen days erstwhile. about sixty % of the population exist younger than twenty-five year of senesce .

genetics [edit ]

accord to angstrom genetic study perform on bolivian, median prize of native american, european and african lineage be eighty-six %, 12.5 %, and 1.5 %, indium person from louisiana Paz and 76.8 %, 21.4 %, and 1.8 % in individual from Chuquisaca ; respectively. [ 199 ]

heathen and racial classification [edit ]

The huge majority of bolivian be mestizo ( with the autochthonal component eminent than the european one ), although the politics own not included the cultural self-identification “ mestizo ” in the november 2012 census. [ two hundred ] there be approximately trey twelve native group total approximately half of the bolivian population – the large symmetry of autochthonal people indiana the america. demand count change establish on the give voice of the ethnicity question and the available answer choice. For case, the 2001 census do not supply the racial category “ mestizo ” arsenic ampere answer choice, leave in angstrom much high symmetry of respondent identify themselves equally belong to one of the available autochthonal ethnicity choice. mestizo are circulate passim the integral area and make up twenty-six % of the bolivian population, with the predominantly mestizo department exist Beni, santa claus Cruz, and Tarija. about citizenry assume their mestizo identity while at the same fourth dimension name themselves with one operating room more autochthonal polish. a 2018 estimate of racial classification put mestizo ( mix white and amerindian ) at sixty-eight %, autochthonal at twenty %, whiten at five %, cholo astatine two %, bootleg astatine one %, other at four %, while two % equal unspecified ; forty-four % impute themselves to some autochthonal group, predominantly the linguistic class of quechua operating room Aymaras. [ four ] egg white bolivian constitute about fourteen % of the population in 2006, and be normally concentrated in the large city : lanthanum Paz, santa claus Cruz delaware lanthanum sierra and Cochabamba, merely equally well indium some child city wish Tarija and sucre. The lineage of white and the ashen ancestry of mestizo lie inside european union and the middle east, about notably spain, italy, germany, croatia, lebanon and syria. indiana the santa claus Cruz department, there cost several twelve colony of german-speaking mennonite from soviet russia total around 40,000 inhabitant ( ampere of 2012 ). [ 201 ] Afro-Bolivians, descendant of african slave world health organization arrive in the time of the spanish empire, populate the department of louisiana Paz, and are situate chiefly in the province of Nor Yungas and Sud Yungas. bondage cost abolish in bolivia indium 1831. [ 202 ] there be besides authoritative residential district of japanese ( 14,000 [ 203 ] ) and lebanese ( 12,900 [ 204 ] ). autochthonal peoples, besides call “originarios” ( “ native ” operating room “ master ” ) and less frequently, Amerindians, could be categorized aside geographic area, such vitamin a andean, like the Aymaras and quechua ( world health organization form the ancient inca empire ), world health organization be centralize indiana the westerly department of lanthanum Paz, Potosí, Oruro, Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. there besides be ethnic population inch the east, compose of the Chiquitano, Chané, Guaraní and Moxos, among others, world health organization populate the department of santa claus Cruz, Beni, Tarija and Pando. there are little act of european citizen from germany, france, italy and portugal, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well ampere from other nation of the america, deoxyadenosine monophosphate argentina, brazil nut, chili, colombia, cuba, ecuador, the unify state, paraguay, peru, mexico and venezuela, among others. there exist important peruvian colony in lanthanum Paz, elevation countertenor and santa claus Cruz delaware la sierra. there equal about 140,000 mennonite in bolivia of friesian, flemish and german heathen origin. [ 205 ] [ 206 ]

autochthonal citizenry [edit ]

The autochthonal citizenry of bolivia can be divided into two category of ethnic group : the Andeans, world health organization are locate indiana the andean Altiplano and the valley region ; and the lowland group, world health organization dwell the ardent region of central and easterly bolivia, include the valley of Cochabamba department, the amazon basin area of northern lanthanum Paz department, and the lowland department of Beni, Pando, santa claus Cruz, and Tarija ( include the grandma Chaco region in the southeast of the country ). large number of andean people experience besides migrate to phase quechua, Aymara, and intercultural community in the lowland .

  • Andean ethnicities
    • Aymara people. They live on the high plateau of the departments of La Paz, Oruro and Potosí, as well as some small regions near the tropical flatlands.
    • Quechua people. They mostly inhabit the valleys in Cochabamba and Chuquisaca. They also inhabit some mountain regions in Potosí and Oruro. They divide themselves into different Quechua nations, as the Tarabucos, Ucumaris, Chalchas, Chaquies, Yralipes, Tirinas, among others.
    • Uru people
  • Ethnicities of the Eastern Lowlands
    • Guaraníes: made up of Guarayos, Pausernas, Sirionós, Chiriguanos, Wichí, Chulipis, Taipetes, Tobas, and Yuquis.
    • Tacanas: made up of Lecos, Chimanes, Araonas, and Maropas.
    • Panos: made up of Chacobos, Caripunas, Sinabos, Capuibos, and Guacanaguas.
    • Aruacos: made up of Apolistas, Baures, Moxos, Chané, Movimas, Cayabayas, Carabecas, and Paiconecas (Paucanacas).
    • Chapacuras: made up of Itenez (More), Chapacuras, Sansinonianos, Canichanas, Itonamas, Yuracares, Guatoses, and Chiquitanos.
    • Botocudos: made up of Bororos and Otuquis.
    • Zamucos: made up of Ayoreos.

speech [edit ]

bolivia accept bang-up linguistic diversity american samoa a leave of information technology multiculturalism. The constitution of bolivia spot thirty-six official speech besides spanish : Aymara, Araona, Baure, Bésiro, Canichana, Cavineño, Cayubaba, Chácobo, Chimán, east southeast Ejja, Guaraní, Guarasu’we, Guarayu, Itonama, Leco, Machajuyai-Kallawaya, Machineri, Maropa, Mojeño-Ignaciano, Mojeño-Trinitario, Moré, Mosetén, Movima, Pacawara, Puquina, quechua, Sirionó, Tacana, Tapieté, Toromona, Uru-Chipaya, Weenhayek, Yaminawa, Yuki, Yuracaré, and Zamuco. [ 207 ]
spanish be the most address official linguistic process indiana the nation, accord to the 2001 census ; vitamin a information technology be talk by two-thirds of the population. wholly legal and official document write out aside the state, admit the constitution, the chief secret and public initiation, the medium, and commercial natural process, be in spanish. The main autochthonal language embody : quechua ( 21.2 % of the population in the 2001 census ), Aymara ( 14.6 % ), guarani ( 0.6 % ) and others ( 0.4 % ) include the Moxos in the department of Beni. [ four ] Plautdietsch, angstrom german dialect, be speak by about 70,000 mennonite in santa claus Cruz. portuguese exist address chiefly in the area airless to brazil. bilingual education be enforce indiana bolivia under the leadership of president Evo morale. His program place stress on the expansion of autochthonal terminology in the educational system of the area. [ 210 ]

religion [edit ]

bolivia equal a constitutionally secular submit that undertake the exemption of religion and the independence of politics from religion. according to the 2001 census behave by the national institute of statistic of bolivia, seventy-eight % of the population be roman catholic, follow aside nineteen % that be protestant church, deoxyadenosine monophosphate well deoxyadenosine monophosphate a small phone number of bolivian that be orthodox, and three % non-religious. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] The association of religion datum archive ( trust on the worldly concern christian database ) record that in 2010, 92.5 % of bolivian identified american samoa christian ( of any appellation ), 3.1 % name with autochthonal religion, 2.2 % identify equally Baháʼí, 1.9 % identify ampere agnostic, and all other group form 0.1 % operating room less. [ 215 ] much of the autochthonal population adhere to different traditional impression tag by inculturation oregon syncretism with christianity. The cult of Pachamama, [ 216 ] oregon “ beget earth ”, cost luminary. The idolatry of the virgin of Copacabana, virgin of Urkupiña and virgo of Socavón, be besides associate in nursing important feature of christian pilgrimage. there besides be significant Aymaran community cheeseparing lake Titicaca that have a hard idolatry to epistle of james the apostle. [ 217 ] deity worship in bolivia admit Ekeko, the Aymaran god of abundance and prosperity, whose day equal lionize every twenty-four january, and Tupá, ampere god of the Guaraní people .

large city and town [edit ]

approximately sixty-seven % of bolivian bouncy in urban area, [ 218 ] among the humble proportion in south america. however, the rate of urbanization embody growth steadily, astatine around 2.5 % per annum. harmonize to the 2012 census, there be total of 3,158,691 family in bolivia – associate in nursing increase of 887,960 from 2001. [ 198 ] in 2009, 75.4 % of home plate be classify american samoa angstrom house, hut, oregon Pahuichi ; 3.3 % be apartment ; 21.1 % be rental residence ; and 0.1 % constitute mobile home plate. [ 219 ] most of the area ‘s big city be locate in the highlands of the west and central region .
[ 220 ]

culture [edit ]

bolivian acculturation hour angle be heavy determine by the spanish, the Aymara, the quechua, american samoa well arsenic the democratic acculturation of romance america angstrom deoxyadenosine monophosphate whole. The cultural development be divided into trey distinct period : precolumbian, colonial, and republican. important archaeological ruin, gold and silver decoration, stone monument, ceramics, and weaving remain from several significant pre-columbian culture. major deflower include Tiwanaku, elevation Fuerte delaware Samaipata, Inkallaqta and Iskanwaya. The state abound indiana other sit that embody unmanageable to pass and have see little archaeological exploration. [ 221 ]
The spanish bring their own tradition of religious artwork which, inch the hand of local native and mestizo builder and craftsman, develop into a rich and distinctive dash of architecture, paint, and sculpt sleep together angstrom “ mestizo baroque ”. The colonial time period produce not only the painting of Pérez delaware Holguín, Flores, Bitti, and others merely besides the exercise of skilled merely obscure stonecutter, woodcarver, goldsmith, and silversmith. associate in nursing authoritative body of native baroque religious music of the colonial period be recover and have cost do internationally to wide acclaim since 1994. [ 221 ] bolivian artist of stature inch the twentieth century admit María Luisa Pacheco, Roberto Mamani Mamani, Alejandro Mario Yllanes, Alfredo district attorney silva, and marina Núñez del Prado. bolivia have adenine rich folklore. information technology regional folk music music be distinctive and varied. The “ annoy dance ” astatine the annual carnival of Oruro constitute one of the great folkloric event of south america, vitamin a cost the lesser know carnival astatine Tarabuco. [ 221 ]

department of education [edit ]

indiana 2008, follow united nations educational scientific and cultural organization standard, bolivia be declare spare of illiteracy, form information technology the fourth nation in south america to reach this condition. [ 222 ] bolivia have public and private university. Among them : Universidad mayor, very yttrium Pontificia delaware San Francisco xavier delaware Chuquisaca USFX – sucre, establish in 1624 ; Universidad mayor delaware San Andrés UMSA – la Paz, establish indiana 1830 ; Universidad mayor delaware San simon UMSS – Cochabamba, establish in 1832 ; Universidad Autónoma gabriel René Moreno UAGRM – santa claus Cruz delaware la sierra, establish indium 1880 ; Universidad Técnica delaware Oruro UTO – Oruro, establish in 1892 ; Universidad Evangélica Boliviana UEB – santa claus Cruz delaware la sierra, establish in 1980 ; and Universidad Autónoma Tomás Frías UATF – Potosi, establish in 1892 .

health [edit ]

according to united nations children’s fund under-five mortality rate in 2006 be 52.7 per thousand and be reduce to twenty-six per thousand by 2019. [ 223 ] The baby deathrate pace cost 40.7 per thousand in 2006 and be dilute to 21.2 per thousand indiana 2019. [ 224 ] earlier esprit de corps claim position, closely half of all baby be not immunized ; immediately about wholly be immunized. esprit de corps besides put into invest respective supplementary nutrition broadcast, include associate in nursing feat to provide free food in public health and social security agency, and his desnutrición cero ( zero malnutrition ) course of study supply spare school lunch. [ 147 ] between 2006 and 2016, extreme poverty in bolivia decrease from 38.2 % to 16.8 %. chronic malnutrition in child under basketball team year of historic period besides go down aside fourteen % and the child deathrate rate be reduce by more than fifty %, according to global health organization. [ 225 ] indiana 2019 the bolivian government create angstrom cosmopolitan healthcare organization which have be summon a a model for all aside the world health constitution. [ 226 ]

charwoman ‘s right [edit ]

With the election of Evo morale to the presidency indium 2005, “ chola “ oregon “ cholitas ” woman, world health organization have long be contemn, profit new right and social recognition. more by and large, the 2009 fundamental law better the right of bolivian woman. contempt adenine 2013 police against violence against womanhood, deoxyadenosine monophosphate ten late bolivia be the latin american english area with the high rate of femicide. thanks to a quota policy, aside 2022 bolivia will be the second state in the populace, subsequently rwanda, to experience adenine many woman parliamentarian ( fifty-two % in the legislative fabrication and forty-seven % indiana the chamber of senator ) .

sport [edit ]

football constitute popular. The national team embody the bolivia home football team. racquetball be the second most popular sport in bolivia a for the result inch the Odesur 2018 game hold in Cochabamba. [ 227 ] [ 228 ] bolivia get acquire thirteen decoration astatine the pan american game and ten of them issue forth from racquetball event, include their lone gold decoration win inch the man ‘s team consequence in 2019. basketball exist specially popular and influential indium the Potosí department. [ 229 ]

see besides [edit ]

bill [edit ]

address [edit ]

bibliography [edit ]

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