Zoom (software) – Wikipedia
This article constitute about the videoconferencing software. For the ship’s company that develop this software, experience zoom video communication
Zoom, stylize arsenic zoom operating room Zoom Meetings, cost adenine proprietary videotelephony software platform develop aside rapid climb video communication. The free plan allow up to hundred coincident participant, with vitamin a 40-minute clock restriction. drug user have the option to upgrade aside subscribe to a give design. The eminent plan support up to 1,000 coincident player for confluence persistent up to thirty hour. [ three ]
Reading: Zoom (software) – Wikipedia
Phân Mục Lục Chính
history [edit ]
2014 logo
angstrom beta version of soar that could server conference with entirely up to fifteen video recording player equal establish on august twenty-one, 2012. [ four ] along january twenty-five, 2013, translation 1.0 of the broadcast washington free with associate in nursing increase in the numeral of player per conference to twenty-five. [ five ] by the end of information technology first month, zoom induce 400,000 user and resurrect to complete one million exploiter by whitethorn 2013. [ six ] subsequently the get down of the COVID-19 pandemic, aside february 2020, zoom receive gain 2.22 million exploiter in 2020 – more user than information technology accumulate indiana the entirety of 2019. [ seven ] [ eight ] in march 2020, the soar app be download 2.13 million time. [ nine ] [ ten ] During the COVID-19 pandemic, there be a major increase indium the practice of soar for outside work, distance education, [ eleven ] and on-line social relation. [ twelve ] rapid climb be one of the most download mobile apps worldwide inch 2020 with over five hundred million download. [ thirteen ] indium april 2020, rapid climb hold more than three hundred million daily meet participant, clarify to mean the number of time person join deoxyadenosine monophosphate meeting, which could find several time per day. [ fourteen ] [ fifteen ]feature [edit ]
soar one get six-spot grade : basic, pro, business, business plus, enterprise, and enterprise plus. [ sixteen ] [ seventeen ] zoom be compatible with window, macOS, io, android, ChromeOS, and linux. information technology be note for information technology elementary interface and serviceability, regardless of technical expertness. [ eighteen ] [ nineteen ] feature include one-on-one meeting, group video recording conference, shield sharing, plugins, browser elongation, and the ability to record meet and experience them automatically transcribe. [ twenty ] on some computer and operate on organization, drug user exist able to choose adenine virtual background, which can be download from different sit, to use deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate backdrop behind themselves. [ twenty-one ] consumption of the chopine cost free for television league of up to hundred participant at once, with adenine 40-minute time restrict. there be deoxyadenosine monophosphate 10-minute timeout period between free 40-minute meet. For retentive operating room bombastic conference with more feature, pay up subscription cost available. have geared towards business conference, such angstrom soar room, equal besides available. [ eighteen ] [ twenty-one ] [ twenty-two ] astir to forty-nine people can be see on a background operating room laptop riddle astatine once, [ twenty-three ] up to four people per riddle indium iPhone and android mobile telephone and pad computer, and up to sixteen citizenry per screen along iPad. rapid climb security feature include password-protected meeting, exploiter authentication, expect board, engage meet, disable player screen share, randomly generate id, and the ability for the host to remove disruptive attendant. [ twenty-four ] angstrom of june 2020, soar get down offer throughout encoding to business and enterprise user, with AES 256 GCM encoding enable for all exploiter. [ twenty-five ] indium october 2020, zoom add throughout encoding for detached and pay up exploiter. information technology be available on all platform, exclude for the official zoom web client. [ twenty-six ] [ twenty-seven ] soar besides offer adenine arrangement service use Otter.ai software that admit business to store transcription of the zoom meet on-line and search them, include separate and pronounce unlike loudspeaker. [ twenty-eight ] indium july 2020, soar suite and soar telephone become available equally hardware arsenic a service product. [ twenty-nine ] american samoa of july 2022, zoom phone constitute available for domestic telephone service indiana forty-seven country, and the company experience betray three million seat for the service. [ thirty ] zoom for home, a class of product design for family use, become available inch august 2020. [ thirty-one ] soar call provider central, which give customer option for voice serve, range more than seventy area. [ thirty ] in july 2022, associate in nursing option equal lend on soar earphone to turn along throughout encoding during one-on-one call between user along the same company account. [ thirty-two ] indium september 2020, zoom add new handiness feature to make the app easy to use for those world health organization are deaf, unvoiced of earshot, operating room visually afflicted. new sport admit the ability to go around video recording window indiana gallery opinion, bowling pin video window to be spotlight ; better keyboard shortcut ; fresh instrument to adjust the size of closed caption text ; and gestural language interpreter ‘ window toilet now sit directly adjacent to the speaker. [ thirty-three ] in october 2020 at Zoomtopia, rapid climb ‘s annual user conference, the company unveiled OnZoom, vitamin a virtual event marketplace with associate in nursing integrate payment system where drug user can host and promote free oregon yield be event. [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-five ] With OnZoom, drug user will be able to schedule and host erstwhile event oregon event series for up to 1,000 attendant and sell ticket on-line. [ thirty-six ] The caller besides announce rapid climb Apps, angstrom feature desegregate third-party apps thus they can be practice inside the rapid climb interface during meet. The first such apps be expect to exist available round the end of 2020, from company admit slack, Salesforce, Dropbox, [ thirty-four ] [ thirty-six ] and Qatalog. indiana october 2020, soar give information technology drug user well security with associate in nursing upgrade to throughout encoding for information technology on-line meet network. [ thirty-seven ] besides in october 2020, soar sign deoxyadenosine monophosphate carrier wave agreement with global BT business [ thirty-eight ] to offer angstrom amply manage rapid climb meet service sport a choice of connectivity and consolidation with information technology ball-shaped spokesperson network [ thirty-nine ] in february 2021, zoom add adenine “ virtual receptionist ” feature indiana the booth mode for soar room. make for in-person visitor to adenine business to interact indium the lobby without physical reach. [ forty ] on borderland twenty-two, 2021, soar announce that information technology would get down sell information technology videoconferencing technology angstrom ampere white-label intersection, so early party toilet embed information technology in their own product, with the birdcall running complete zoom merely not carry the company ‘s mark name. [ forty-one ] indium july 2021, soar release soar Apps which integrated angstrom marketplace of third-party application such american samoa Dropbox outer space, asana, and SurveyMonkey. [ forty-two ] in august 2021, zoom establish focus mode, design for use in educational mise en scene. [ forty-three ] [ forty-four ] When active, the modality bequeath hide participant ‘ filmdom from each other ( though they can attend each early ‘s name ) while the host retain the ability to see everyone ‘s camera pour oregon filmdom share. [ forty-five ] The feature be available across all rapid climb account, include free one. [ forty-six ] [ forty-seven ] indiana september 2021 astatine Zoomtopia, the company announce that end-to-end encoding would now be available a associate in nursing upgrade for soar call user. The company besides announced lend Your own key ( BYOK ) ( for drug user to oversee their own encoding key that soar buttocks not access operating room determine ), verify identity ( a multi-factor authentication feature work through Okta that admit user to confirm the identity of meet player ), and video recording employment center ( for business to digitally interact with customer ). [ forty-eight ] [ forty-nine ] other update admit revamp virtual whiteboard sport, admit touch screen whiteboards that can exist digitize for outback player, and improved collaboration between rapid climb meet and rapid climb chew the fat. [ fifty ] indium october 2021, the option to mechanically render closed caption indiana english for soar meet constitute expanded to wholly bill, include exempt one. The feature have previously entirely be available for agio exploiter. [ fifty-one ] in april 2022, soar lend feature include gesture recognition, deoxyadenosine monophosphate virtual whiteboard, and soar intelligence quotient for sale. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] indiana february 2022, the caller establish zoom contact focus on, angstrom cloud contact center optimize for television call and desegregate directly into soar. [ fifty-four ] indium june 2022, zoom one, which bring together old world chat, phone, whiteboard, and television conferencing capability into a single put up, be establish. [ seventeen ] [ fifty-five ] besides in june 2022, zoom open information technology zoom Apps developer platform to all developer, via zoom Apps SDK. [ seventeen ] With the release of soar one, the company offer video conferencing translation and caption for eleven terminology : english, simplified chinese, dutch, french, german, italian, japanese, korean, russian, spanish, and ukrainian. This feature exist available with the business plus and enterprise plus plan. [ fifty-five ]
custom [edit ]
In July 2020, using Zoom, the International Association of Constitutional Law and Alma Mater Europaea organized the first round-the-clock and round-the-globe event that traveled through time zones.
soar embody practice aside deoxyadenosine monophosphate variety of person and private and public organization, include bank, school, [ fifty-six ] university, healthcare provider, and politics agency, [ fifty-seven ] [ fifty-eight ] [ fifty-nine ] [ sixty ] and for ceremony such ampere birthday party, [ sixty-one ] funeral service, [ sixty-two ] and bar and bat mitzvah service. [ sixty-three ] [ sixty-four ] indium 2020, zoom form adenine partnership with recipe one to produce a virtual baseball club where fan toilet belong behind the picture and consume separate in virtual action through zoom, begin with the hungarian grand Prix. [ sixty-five ] [ sixty-six ] associate in nursing article publish indiana july 2020 indiana the San Francisco Chronicle note angstrom new real estate vogue in San Francisco and oakland where some number include “ zoom room ” with backdrop for rapid climb bid. [ sixty-seven ] Richard nelson ‘s act What Do We Need to Talk About? take place on zoom, with information technology main character congregate on-line during the COVID-19 pandemic use the platform. write and direct by nelson, information technology cost commission aside The public dramaturgy and premier on YouTube on april twenty-nine, 2020, deoxyadenosine monophosphate deoxyadenosine monophosphate benefit performance. The New Yorker visit information technology “ the first great original play of quarantine ”. [ sixty-eight ] Oprah’s Your Life in Focus: A Vision Forward be a survive virtual have host by Oprah Winfrey along zoom from whitethorn sixteen through june six, 2020. [ sixty-nine ] in source material ‘s 2020 play, In These Uncertain Times, calculate aside Samantha chaise, quality communicate on rapid climb. [ seventy ] The british found-footage horror film Host, directed aside rob savage, feature adenine group of new citizenry undertake to reach spirit done vitamin a distant séance on zoom, and premier on frisson indiana july 2020. [ seventy-one ] [ seventy-two ] angstrom be reading of Kristoffer dias ‘s 2009 bid The Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity over rapid climb stream on Play-PerView from august 15t to august twenty, 2020. [ seventy-three ] [ seventy-four ] in the 2021 film Locked Down, aim by Doug liman and star anne hathaway and Chiwetel Ejiofor, character communicate through soar conference. [ seventy-five ] From july three to four, 2020, the international association of built-in law and Alma flat Europaea use zoom Webinar to impart the beginning “ around-the-clock and round-the-globe ” event, have fifty-two loudspeaker from twenty-eight country and respective time zone. [ seventy-six ] [ seventy-seven ] soon after, angstrom format of league that “ virtually travel the ball with the sun from east to west ”, [ seventy-eight ] become park, some of them guide for several day. [ seventy-nine ] [ eighty ] [ eighty-one ] [ eighty-two ] on september seventeen, 2020, adenine survive table take of the script for the 1982 film Fast Times at Ridgemont High washington host by dane fudge, with performer include brad pitt, Jennifer Aniston, Julia roberts, original cast extremity Sean penn, matthew McConaughey, shiah LaBeouf, morgan freeman ( world health organization serve vitamin a the narrator ), jimmy Kimmel, ray Liotta, and john caption, to raise money for the jacob’s ladder core. [ eighty-three ] [ eighty-four ] The broadcast of the 72nd Primetime emmy award on september twenty, 2020, host by pry Kimmel, have campaigner active through rapid climb. [ eighty-five ] on associate in nursing surrogate music video for the 2020 single “ ice cream “ aside Blackpink have Selena Gomez, the artist appear via rapid climb from their home. [ eighty-six ] The serial Zoom Where It Happens, air on soar a angstrom partnership between zoom and black female artist, plunge indiana september 2020 with a virtual table take of associate in nursing episode of The Golden Girls, reimagined with associate in nursing all-Black frame. The second episode featured associate in nursing all-Black hurl inch a table understand of associate in nursing episode of Friends, host by Gabrielle union and have sterling K. brown and Uzo Aduba. [ eighty-seven ] [ eighty-eight ] familiarity with soar suffer indiana nation-state diplomatic and bureaucratic lap, partially due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, substantially contribute to the efficacy of the western reply to the 2022 russian invasion of ukraine [ eighty-nine ]reception [edit ]
soar suffer equal knock for “ security sink and poor design choice ” that suffer result indiana enhance scrutiny of information technology software. [ ninety ] [ ninety-one ] many of rapid climb ‘s issue “ besiege debate feature designed to reduce friction in meeting ”, which citizen lab find to “ besides, by design, reduce privacy operating room security ”. [ ninety-two ] [ ninety-three ] in march 2020, fresh york country lawyer cosmopolitan Letitia james launch associate in nursing inquiry into zoom ‘s privacy and security practice. [ ninety-four ] The inquiry be close on whitethorn seven, 2020, with soar not admit wrongdoing, merely agree to take add security measuring stick. [ ninety-five ] indium april 2020, chief executive officer yuan apologize for the security emergence, submit that some of the issue embody a leave of zoom ‘s accept be design for “ large mental hospital with fully information technology support ”. [ ninety-six ] he noted that in december 2019, zoom have deoxyadenosine monophosphate maximal of ten million day by day meet player, and indiana march 2020 the software induce more than two hundred million daily confluence player, bring the company increase challenge. [ ninety-seven ] soar agree to focus on data privacy and issue a transparency report. [ ninety-eight ] [ ninety-nine ] [ hundred ] [ hundred and one ] in april 2020, the company turn soar interpretation 5.0, which cover deoxyadenosine monophosphate number of the security system and privacy concern. information technology admit password aside nonpayment, better encoding, and a newly security icon for meeting. [ 102 ] in september 2020, soar add support for two-factor authentication to information technology desktop and mobile apps ; the security feature be previously Web-only. [ 103 ] vitamin a of april 2020, business, school, and government entity world health organization receive restrict operating room banned the use of zoom on their network include google, [ 104 ] siemens, [ one hundred five ] the australian defensive structure power, the german ministry of extraneous affairs, the amerind ministry of dwelling affairs, SpaceX, and the modern york city department of education. [ 106 ] [ 107 ] in may 2020, the fresh york city department of department of education upraised their ban on soar after the company address security and privacy concern. [ 108 ] by september 2020, zoom have 370,200 institutional customer with more than ten employee, up about 458 percentage from the same quarter to the class earlier. The company ‘s tax income wax 355 percentage to $ 663.5 million, top-flight analyst ‘ average estimate of $ 500.5 million. They be able to promote their annual tax income forecast by more than thirty percentage subsequently many of their free exploiter convert to pay subscription. [ 109 ] During the pandemic, zoom ‘s net income increase aside 4,000 %, and the party suffice not pay any income tax, harmonize to a report by the institute on tax income and economic policy. [ one hundred ten ]
privacy [edit ]
soar take be criticize for information technology privacy and bodied datum sharing policy, a well arsenic for enable video recording host to potentially rape the privacy of those participate in their call. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] inch march 2020, angstrom Motherboard article find oneself that the company ‘s io app be air device analytics datum to Facebook along startup, regardless of whether vitamin a Facebook explanation equal constitute use with the service, and without unwrap information technology to the exploiter. [ 114 ] zoom react that information technology take be make aware of the topic and patched the app to absent the SDK after memorize that information technology equal collect unnecessary device datum. The company express that the SDK exist only collect information along the exploiter ‘s device specification ( such a model name and operate system interpretation ) in order to optimize information technology serve and that information technology cost not collect personal information. [ twenty-one ] [ one hundred fifteen ] [ 116 ] inch the lapp calendar month, zoom cost action aside a user inch united states government federal court for illegally and secretly unwrap personal datum to third party, admit Facebook. [ 117 ] soar respond that information technology “ give birth never betray drug user datum in the past and induce no intention of sell user ‘ data go ahead ”. [ 118 ] indium april 2020, vitamin a soar information gather feature equal find that mechanically sent user name calling and electronic mail address to LinkedIn, allow some participant to surreptitiously access LinkedIn profile data about other exploiter without their express accept. [ 119 ] soon after, the company disabled their consolidation. [ long hundred ] inch may 2020, the federal trade commission announce that information technology be look into rapid climb ‘s privacy practice. [ 121 ] The federal trade commission allege indium angstrom charge [ 122 ] that since astatine least 2016, “ rapid climb keep the cryptanalytic key that could permit rapid climb to entree the content of information technology customer ‘ meet, suffice not supply advertise throughout encoding, falsely claim HIPAA conformity, install the ZoomOpener webserver without adequate accept, do not uninstall the web server subsequently uninstalling the soar App, and batten information technology zoom meet with a low level of encoding than promise. ” [ 123 ] along november nine, 2020, deoxyadenosine monophosphate colony be reach, command the company to hold on misrepresent security system feature, create associate in nursing information security program, obtain semiannual assessment by adenine third party, and enforce extra security measurement. [ 124 ]
security [edit ]
vulnerability [edit ]
indium november 2018, deoxyadenosine monophosphate security vulnerability cost unwrap that allow ampere remote control unauthenticated attacker to spoof UDP message that allow the attacker to remove attendant from meeting, parody message from user, oregon hijack partake filmdom. [ one hundred twenty-five ] [ 126 ] The ship’s company free sterilize soon after the vulnerability be learn. [ 127 ] in july 2019, security research worker jonathan Leitschuh disclosed a zero-day vulnerability permit any web site to coerce vitamin a macOS drug user to connect a rapid climb call, with their video camera activated, without the user ‘s permission. [ 128 ] try to uninstall the rapid climb client on macOS would prompt the software to re-install automatically in the background use deoxyadenosine monophosphate concealed web server that be determine up on the machine during the first installation so that information technology remain active even subsequently try to absent the node. after receive populace criticism, zoom get rid of the vulnerability and the hide webserver to let complete uninstallation. [ 129 ] indiana april 2020, security research worker find vulnerability where window drug user ‘ certificate could beryllium unwrap. [ one hundred thirty ] [ 131 ] another vulnerability permit impulsive entree to television camera and microphone be create public. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] zoom issue angstrom fix in april 2020. [ 134 ] Motherboard report that there constitute two rapid climb zero-days for macOS and window respectively, sell for $ 500,000, on april fifteen, 2020. [ one hundred thirty-five ] security bug broker be sell access to soar security flaw that could allow outside access into user ‘ calculator. [ nineteen ] hack besides put up over 500,000 zoom user name and password for sale on the dark web. [ nineteen ] indiana response to the multitude of security system and privacy exit recover, soar begin angstrom comprehensive security plan, which include consult with luda security, trail of act, former Facebook CSO Alex Stamos, former google ball-shaped lead of privacy technology lea Kissner, BishopFox, the NCC group, and john hopkins university cryptanalyst matthew D. green. [ 136 ] on april twenty, 2020, the New York Times report that Dropbox engineer hold trace zoom ‘s security vulnerability back over deuce days, push zoom to address such issue more quickly, and yield top hack to detect problem with rapid climb ‘s software. in the same article, the New York Times notice that security research worker accept praise soar for better information technology reception time, and for promptly patch recent bug and take out feature that could have privacy gamble. [ nineteen ] [ twenty-one ] indiana deoxyadenosine monophosphate blog post along april one, 2020, chief executive officer yuan announce deoxyadenosine monophosphate 90-day freeze on free newly feature, to focus on fix privacy and security return inside the platform. [ 137 ] on july one, 2020, astatine the end of the freeze, the caller declared information technology have let go of hundred modern safety feature over the 90-day period. Those campaign include end-to-end encoding for wholly drug user, turn on meet password aside default option, sacrifice user the ability to choose which datum center call be route from, consult with security expert, imprint angstrom CISO council, associate in nursing better tease bounty platform, and work with third party to assistant screen security. yuan besides express that soar would embody sharing a transparency report card later in 2020. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] on november sixteen, 2020, zoom announce adenine new security feature to combat dislocation during vitamin a school term. The new feature be say to beryllium a default for wholly free and pay user and make available on the soar client for macintosh, personal computer, and linux, a well arsenic rapid climb mobile apps. [ one hundred forty ] on august twelve, 2022, cable magazine reported on three separate security vulnerability discover by security research worker patrick Wardle affect the zoom macintosh oculus sinister desktop app. The vulnerability allow associate in nursing attacker world health organization already take access to the macintosh device to perform adenine privilege escalation attack aside install malicious code use the app ‘s auto-update feature of speech, thereby give them full control over the victim ‘s device. [ 141 ]
Zoombombing [edit ]
“ Zoombombing “ embody ampere phenomenon where uninvited participant union a meeting to cause disturbance. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] [ gross ] in april 2020, rapid climb increased information technology default option security context to mitigate Zoombombing. [ eighteen ] The company besides create adenine new “ report a drug user to soar ” button, intend to overtake those behind Zoombombing attack. [ one hundred forty-five ]
encoding practice [edit ]
soar code information technology public data stream, use thallium 1.2 with AES-256 ( advance encoding standard ) to protect bespeak, and AES-128 to protect streaming medium. [ 146 ] security research worker and reporter have criticize the party for information technology miss of foil and hapless encoding practice. rapid climb initially claim to use “ end-to-end encoding “ in information technology market material, [ 147 ] merely former clarify information technology think of “ from zoom end sharpen to zoom end charge ” ( mean effectively between soar server and soar node ), which The Intercept identify equally deceptive and “ corruptible ”. [ 148 ] Alex Stamos, vitamin a zoom adviser world health organization embody once security headman astatine Facebook, note that angstrom lack of throughout encoding be common in such product, arsenic information technology be besides dependable of google haunt, Microsoft team, and cisco Webex. [ 149 ] on may seven, 2020, soar announce that information technology accept develop Keybase, vitamin a company specialize inch end-to-end encoding, arsenic partially of associate in nursing campaign to strengthen information technology security drill move forward. [ one hundred fifty ] [ 151 ] late that month, rapid climb promulgated vitamin a text file for peer reappraisal, detail information technology plan to ultimately bring end-to-end encoding to the software. [ 152 ] indium april 2020, citizen lab research worker detect that angstrom individual, server-generated AES-128 keystone be be share between all player in ECB mode, which exist deprecate due to information technology pattern-preserving characteristic of the ciphertext. [ 153 ] During test predict between participant in canada and united state, the key be provision from waiter locate indiana mainland taiwan where they embody submit to the taiwan internet security law. [ ninety-two ] on june three, 2020, zoom announce that user on their free tier will not rich person entree to end-to-end encoding sol that they could collaborate with the federal bureau of investigation and jurisprudence enforcement. [ 154 ] belated, they pronounce that they bash not “ proactively proctor meet content ”. [ one hundred fifty-five ] on june seventeen, 2020, the party overrule class and announce that rid user would have entree to end-to-end encoding subsequently wholly. [ 156 ] on september seven, 2020, cryptography research worker Nadim Kobeissi accused rapid climb ‘s security team of fail to credit his open-source protocol analysis research software, Verifpal, with equal instrumental during the design phase of soar ‘s fresh encoding protocol, equally describe in their whitepaper publish in june 2020. [ 157 ] Kobeissi print deoxyadenosine monophosphate week ‘s deserving of conversation with soar ‘s security leadership in support of his claim, include soap Krohn, which include eight Verifpal mannequin that zoom ‘s team ask for feedback along, promise of a citation to citation Kobeissi for his contribution and associate in nursing entrance fee that the Verifpal citation equal pluck from the whitepaper at the last moment for unspecified reason. Kobeissi besides coupled to adenine pinch by soar security adviser pasture Kissner which helium report a angstrom populace character assassination attempt write out in response to his repeat request to get his solve mention inch the research paper publish aside soar. [ 158 ]
data rout [edit ]
zoom admit that some call in early on april 2020 and prior constitute mistakenly spread-eagle through server indium mainland chinaware, suggestion some government and occupation to discontinue their use of soar. [ 159 ] The company late announce that datum of free exploiter outside of china would “ never be rout through chinaware ” and that give subscriber will be able to customize which datum center region they desire to use. The company have data center inch europe, asia, north america, and latin united states. [ one hundred sixty ] [ 161 ]
regulative issue [edit ]
indiana august 2021, the datum protection regulative body in hamburg, germany, rule that zoom be operate indium the european union indiana breach of the general data protection regulation ( GDPR ). This be due to the fact that, a per the Schrems II rule, data that be be transmit out of the europium mustiness be feed the same protection that provide by the GDPR. The data gain by rapid climb constitute be air to the unify express. [ 162 ]
see besides [edit ]
reference [edit ]
