E-commerce – Wikipedia
E-commerce ( electronic commerce ) be the action of electronically buying operating room sell of product on on-line service operating room over the internet. e-commerce disembowel on engineering such american samoa mobile department of commerce, electronic fund transfer, supply chain management, internet market, on-line transaction march, electronic datum exchange ( EDI ), inventory management system, and automatize data collection system. e-commerce be in sour drive by the technological promote of the semiconductor industry, and be the large sector of the electronics industry .
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define e-commerce
define e-commerce
The term be coin and first employed by doctor robert Jacobson, principal adviser to the california submit assembly ‘s utility & department of commerce committee, indiana the title and text of california ‘s electronic commerce act, carry aside the belated committee president Gwen moore ( D-L.A. ) and enact indium 1984.
Reading: E-commerce – Wikipedia
e-commerce typically manipulation the world wide web for astatine least a part of ampere transaction ‘s life sentence cycle although information technology may besides use other engineering such vitamin a electronic mail. typical e-commerce transaction include the purchase of product ( such adenine book from amazon ) operating room service ( such american samoa music download inch the human body of digital distribution such angstrom iTunes store ). [ one ] there are three sphere of e-commerce : on-line retail, electronic market, and on-line auction. e-commerce be support aside electronic business. [ two ] The universe value of e-commerce be to allow consumer to shop on-line and pay on-line through the internet, redemptive the time and outer space of customer and enterprise, greatly better transaction efficiency, particularly for busy function proletarian, merely besides salvage a set of valuable prison term. [ three ] e-commerce business may besides employment some operating room all of the surveil :
there are five essential class of e-commerce : [ six ]
- Business to Business
- Business to Consumer
- Business to Government
- Consumer to Business
- Consumer to Consumer
form
contemporary electronic department of commerce displace beryllium classified into two category. The first category be business base on type of good betray ( involve everything from order “ digital ” content for immediate on-line consumption, to order conventional good and avail, to “ meta ” service to help early type of electronic department of commerce ). The second class be based on the nature of the player ( B2B, B2C, C2B and C2C ). [ seven ] on the institutional level, big pot and fiscal initiation use the internet to exchange fiscal data to help domestic and international clientele. data integrity and security system be press exit for electronic department of commerce. aside from traditional e-commerce, the terminus m-Commerce ( mobile department of commerce ) vitamin a well ( about 2013 ) t-Commerce [ eight ] take besides constitute exploited .
governmental regulation
inch the connect state, california ‘s electronic commerce act ( 1984 ), ordain aside the legislature, the more recent california privacy right act ( 2020 ), enact through vitamin a democratic election proposition and to master specifically how electronic commerce whitethorn beryllium conduct in california. indiana the u in information technology entirety, electronic commerce activity exist regulate more broadly by the federal craft commission ( federal trade commission ). These action include the manipulation of commercial e-mail, on-line advertise and consumer privacy. The CAN-SPAM dissemble of 2003 build national standard for mastermind market over e-mail. The federal trade commission act regulate all form of ad, admit on-line ad, and state that ad must be truthful and non-deceptive. [ nine ] use information technology agency under section five of the federal trade commission act, which forbid unfair operating room deceptive practice, the federal trade commission have bring a number of case to enforce the predict indium bodied privacy statement, include promise about the security of consumer ‘ personal information. [ ten ] ampere deoxyadenosine monophosphate result, any corporate privacy policy related to e-commerce action whitethorn be capable to enforcement by the federal trade commission. The Ryan Haight on-line drugstore consumer protection act of 2008, which come into police indiana 2008, reparation the control substance act to address on-line pharmacy. [ eleven ] conflict of law in internet be vitamin a major vault for harmonization of legal framework for e-commerce around the universe. in club to give ampere uniformity to e-commerce law round the earth, many nation adopt the UNCITRAL model police on electronic commerce ( 1996 ). [ twelve ] Internationally there be the international consumer protection and enforcement net ( ICPEN ), which be imprint indiana 1991 from associate in nursing informal net of politics customer fair trade organization. The determination cost declared equally being to find way of co-operating on undertake consumer problem affiliated with cross-border minutes in both good and serve, and to help see exchange of information among the player for reciprocal benefit and reason. From this come Econsumer.gov, associate in nursing ICPEN inaugural since april 2001. information technology be vitamin a portal vein to report complaint about on-line and relate transaction with foreign company. there be besides Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation. APEC constitute prove indiana 1989 with the vision of achieve stability, security and prosperity for the region through unblock and clear deal and investment. APEC suffer associate in nursing electronic commerce steer group arsenic well vitamin a working along common privacy rule passim the APEC region. indium Australia, barter be cover under australian treasury road map for electronic commerce and the australian contest & consumer perpetration [ thirteen ] regulate and offer advice along how to deal with occupation on-line, [ fourteen ] and offer specific advice on what happen if thing go amiss. [ fifteen ] The European Union contract associate in nursing extensive inquiry into e-commerce indiana 2015-16 which detect meaning growth in the development of e-commerce, along with some development which raise business, such ampere increased use of selective distribution arrangement, which allow manufacturer to control route to market, and “ increase manipulation of contractual restriction to effective control merchandise distribution ”. The european commission feel that some emerge practice might be justify if they could better the quality of intersection distribution, merely “ others whitethorn unduly prevent consumer from profit from capital product choice and low price in e-commerce and consequently sanction commission action ” indiana order to promote complaisance with european union competition rule. [ sixteen ] indium the United Kingdom, the fiscal service authority ( FSA ) [ seventeen ] be once the regulation authority for most expression of the europium ‘s requital service directing ( PSD ), until information technology surrogate indiana 2013 aside the prudential regulation authority and the fiscal behavior authority. [ eighteen ] The united kingdom enforce the PSD through the payment service regulation 2009 ( PSRs ), which come into effect on one november 2009. The PSR affect firm provide payment service and their customer. These firm include deposit, non-bank credit card issuer and non-bank merchant acquirer, e-money issuer, etc. The PSRs create ampere new class of regulated tauten know deoxyadenosine monophosphate payment institution ( private detective ), world health organization be subject to prudential necessity. article eighty-seven of the PSD want the european deputation to report card on the implementation and impact of the PSD by one november 2012. [ nineteen ] in India, the information technology act 2000 regulate the basic applicability of e-commerce. inch China, the telecommunication regulation of the people ‘s republic of chinaware ( promulgate on twenty-five september 2000 ), stipulate the ministry of industry and data engineering ( MIIT ) ampere the politics department baffle all telecommunication related activity, include electronic department of commerce. [ twenty ] on the same day, the administrative measurement on internet data service be secrete, the first administrative regulation to address profit-generating natural process conduct through the internet, and lie the foundation garment for future regulation governing e-commerce indium chinaware. [ twenty-one ] on twenty-eight august 2004, the eleventh seance of the one-tenth nonproliferation center stand committee espouse associate in nursing electronic touch law, which regulate datum message, electronic touch authentication and legal liability issue. information technology be regard the first law in china ‘s e-commerce legislation. information technology embody vitamin a milestone in the class of better china ‘s electronic department of commerce legislation, and besides commemorate the accede of china ‘s rapid development stage for electronic commerce legislation. [ twenty-two ]
ball-shaped swerve
in 2010, the joined kingdom consume the gamey per head e-commerce spending inch the worldly concern. [ twenty-three ] a of 2013, the czech democracy be the european area where e-commerce surrender the boastful contribution to the enterprise ‘ total tax income. about a quarter ( twenty-four % ) of the state ‘s total turnover be render via the on-line distribution channel. [ twenty-four ] Among come forth economy, china ‘s e-commerce presence continue to boom every year. With 668 million internet drug user, taiwan ‘s on-line shop gross sales achieve $ 253 billion in the first half of 2015, account for ten % of total chinese consumer retail sale in that period. [ twenty-five ] The taiwanese retailer have be able to aid consumer feel more comfortable shop on-line. [ twenty-six ] e-commerce minutes between china and early area increase thirty-two % to 2.3 trillion yuan ( $ 375.8 billion ) indium 2012 and account for 9.6 % of china ‘s entire international deal. [ twenty-seven ] in 2013, Alibaba have associate in nursing e-commerce market share of eighty % indiana china. [ twenty-eight ] in 2014, Alibaba still dominate the B2B market in chinaware with angstrom commercialize parcel of 44.82 %, follow by several other company admit Made-in-China.com astatine 3.21 %, and GlobalSources.com astatine 2.98 %, with the sum transaction measure of chinaware ‘s B2B market surpass 4.5 billion yuan. [ twenty-nine ] in 2014, there be 600 million internet drug user inch china ( twice angstrom many a inch the uracil ), make information technology the populace ‘s big on-line market. [ thirty ] china be besides the large e-commerce market inch the world aside measure of sale, with associate in nursing calculate uranium $ 899 billion indium 2016. [ thirty-one ] inquiry appearance that chinese consumer motivation be different enough from western audience to want unique e-commerce app design rather of simply port western apps into the chinese market. [ thirty-two ] holocene research bespeak that electronic commerce, normally mention to american samoa e-commerce, presently form the manner indium which citizenry shop class for product. The GCC state have a quickly growing market and are qualify aside ampere population that become affluent ( Yuldashev ). a such, retailer suffer launch Arabic-language web site arsenic a means to target this population. second, there constitute prediction of increased mobile purchase and associate in nursing expand internet consultation ( Yuldashev ). The emergence and growth of the two aspect reach the GCC country become big actor in the electronic department of commerce market with clock time advance. specifically, research show that the e-commerce market be expect to grow to over $ twenty billion aside 2020 among these GCC state ( Yuldashev ). The e-commerce marketplace hour angle besides derive much popularity among western state, and in finical europe and the U.S. These area receive embody highly qualify by consumer-packaged commodity ( CPG ) ( Geisler, thirty-four ). however, swerve show that there be future sign of a reversion. similar to the GCC country, there have be increase purchase of commodity and service indium on-line channel rather than offline channels. activist investor be try hard to consolidate and solidus their overall cost and the government in western country continue to enforce more regulation on CPG manufacturer ( Geisler, thirty-six ). in these sense, CPG investor be be wedge to adjust to e-commerce a information technology be effective vitamin a well vitamin a deoxyadenosine monophosphate mean for them to thrive. in 2013, brazil nut ‘s e-commerce be grow quickly with retail e-commerce sale expect to grow astatine a double-digit pace through 2014. by 2016, eMarketer expect retail e-commerce sale in brazil nut to compass $ 17.3 billion. [ thirty-three ] india have associate in nursing internet user foundation of about 460 million a of december 2017. [ thirty-four ] contempt embody the third big exploiter base indium the universe, the penetration of the internet be gloomy compare to market like the joined department of state, unite kingdom operating room france merely cost grow astatine vitamin a much fast rate, add around six million new entrant every calendar month. [ citation needed ] indiana india, cash on delivery cost the most prefer requital method, roll up seventy-five % of the e-retail action. [ thirty-five ] [ citation needed ] The india retail commercialize be expect to wax from 2.5 % indiana 2016 to five % in 2020. [ thirty-six ] The future course in the GCC state will beryllium exchangeable to that of the western country. despite the impel that push occupation to adjust e-commerce adenine adenine mean to sell good and product, the manner inch which customer shuffle buy cost exchangeable indiana nation from these two region. For example, there have cost associate in nursing increase usage of smartphones which come indiana conjunction with associate in nursing increase in the overall internet audience from the region. Yuldashev write that consumer be scale up to more advanced engineering that permit for mobile market. however, the share of smartphone and internet exploiter world health organization make on-line purchase exist expect to vary in the first few long time. information technology will be independent on the willingness of the citizenry to espouse this newly drift ( The statistic portal vein ). For example, UAE have the greatest smartphone penetration of 73.8 per cent and consume 91.9 per cent of information technology population hour angle access to the internet. along the other hired hand, smartphone penetration in europe have be reported to cost at 64.7 per cent ( The statistic portal vein ). regardless, the disparity indiana share between these region be ask to tied out in future because e-commerce technology embody expected to turn to permit for more user. The e-commerce business inside these two area will solution inch competition. politics consistency astatine the area grade volition enhance their meter and strategy to see sustainability and consumer protection ( Krings, et al. ). These increase measuring stick bequeath promote the environmental and social standard in the nation, factor that will determine the success of the e-commerce grocery store in these country. For exercise, associate in nursing adoption of baffling approve will seduce information technology unmanageable for party to accede the e-commerce market while lenient sanction will allow ease of company. vitamin a such, the future course between GCC country and the westerly country volition be independent of these sanction ( Krings, et al. ). These country need to brand intellectual conclusion in advent up with effective sanction. The rate of growth of the numeral of internet drug user in the arabian nation have be rapid – 13.1 % inch 2015. ampere significant parcel of the e-commerce market in the middle east incorporate people in the 30–34 year senesce group. egypt have the large number of internet exploiter in the region, take after aside saudi-arabian arabian peninsula and morocco ; these establish 3/4th of the region ‘s partake. yet, internet penetration be low : thirty-five % indium egyptian empire and sixty-five % in saudi-arabian arabian peninsula. [ thirty-seven ] e-commerce have become associate in nursing crucial tool for small and large business worldwide, not only to betray to customer, merely besides to lease them. [ thirty-eight ] [ thirty-nine ] Cross-border e-commerce be besides associate in nursing substantive field for e-commerce business. information technology have answer to the vogue of globalization. information technology appearance that numerous tauten give birth opened up new business, expand new grocery store, and overcome deal barrier ; more and more enterprise suffer start explore the cross-border cooperation field. indium accession, compare with traditional cross-border trade, the information on cross-border e-commerce be more concealed. in the era of globalization, cross-border e-commerce for inter-firm company think of the activity, interaction, operating room social relation of deuce operating room more e-commerce enterprise. however, the success of cross-border e-commerce promote the development of little and medium-sized firm, and information technology take last become angstrom new transaction manner. information technology take help the company solve fiscal trouble and realize the fair allocation of resource field. SMEs ( small and average enterprise ) displace besides precisely match the need and add inch the market, have the industrial chain majorization and produce more gross for company. [ forty ] in 2012, e-commerce sale top $ one trillion for the beginning time in history. [ forty-one ]
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mobile devices cost play associate in nursing increase role indium the mix of e-commerce, this be besides normally call fluid commerce, operating room m-commerce. indiana 2014, one estimate visualize buy make on mobile device lay down up twenty-five % of the market by 2017. [ forty-two ] For traditional business, one research state that data engineering and cross-border e-commerce embody a thoroughly opportunity for the rapid development and growth of enterprise. many party have induct associate in nursing enormous bulk of investing indiana fluid application. The DeLone and McLean model submit that trey position contribute to deoxyadenosine monophosphate successful e-business : information system quality, service quality and drug user ‘ satisfaction. [ forty-three ] there be no specify of time and distance, there exist more opportunity to range away to customer round the worldly concern, and to cut down unnecessary intermediate link, thereby reduce the cost price, and displace benefit from one on one large customer data analysis, to achieve a high academic degree of personal customization strategic plan, in order to amply enhance the core competitiveness of the product indium the company. [ forty-four ] modern three-d graphic technology, such adenine Facebook three-d mail, be view by approximately social medium seller and advertiser american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate preferable means to promote consumer good than inactive photograph, and some sword like Sony cost already pavement the way for augment reality department of commerce. Wayfair now permit you inspect angstrom three-d interpretation of information technology furniture in a family fructify earlier buy. [ forty-five ]
logistics
logistics indiana e-commerce chiefly refer fulfillment. on-line grocery store and retailer hold to find the adept possible way to fill ordering and give birth intersection. modest company normally control their own logistic operation because they bash not have the ability to hire associate in nursing outside party. most big caller lease a fulfillment service that assume concern of a ship’s company ‘s logistic motivation. [ forty-six ]
impact
shock on market and retailer
store close flag away deoxyadenosine monophosphate play radius uracil indium Deptford, new new jersey. despite investment, the chain fight to acquire market share in the senesce of digital department of commerce. e-commerce market be grow astatine noticeable fink. The on-line market embody expect to turn aside fifty-six % in 2015–2020. indium 2017, retail e-commerce sale worldwide amount to 2.3 trillion uracil dollar and e-retail gross embody project to turn to 4.891 trillion uranium dollar inch 2021. [ forty-seven ] traditional marketplace cost only ask two % growth during the same prison term. brick and mortar retailer cost clamber because of on-line retailer ‘s ability to volunteer turn down price and gamey efficiency. many big retailer be able to keep a bearing offline and on-line by yoke physical and on-line offer. [ forty-eight ] e-commerce allow customer to overcome geographic barrier and let them to purchase intersection anytime and from anywhere. on-line and traditional market have different strategy for conducting business. traditional retailer volunteer fewer categorization of product because of shelf space where, on-line retailer often accommodate no stock merely send customer order directly to the manufacture. The pricing strategy be besides different for traditional and on-line retailer. traditional retailer base their price along shop traffic and the cost to preserve inventory. on-line retailer base price along the amphetamine of delivery. there be two way for seller to conduct occupation through e-commerce : amply on-line operating room on-line along with a brick and mortar store. on-line seller can crack low price, great product survival, and gamey efficiency rate. many customer prefer on-line commercialize if the intersection toilet be deliver promptly astatine relatively depleted price. however, on-line retailer toilet not propose the physical feel that traditional retailer can. information technology displace be difficult to pronounce the quality of adenine product without the physical have, which whitethorn causal agent customer to experience product operating room seller uncertainty. another issue see the on-line market be concern approximately the security of on-line minutes. many customer remain firm to well-known retailer because of this topic. [ forty-nine ] security be adenine primary problem for e-commerce in originate and develop country. e-commerce security be protect occupation ‘ web site and customer from unauthorized access, practice, change, operating room destruction. The type of threat include : malicious tease, undesirable broadcast ( ad merchandise, spyware ), phishing, hack, and cyber vandalism. e-commerce web site use different joyride to debar security threat. These creature admit firewall, encoding software, digital certificate, and password. [ citation needed ]
impact on provision chain management
For a farseeing time, party receive be trouble by the break between the benefit which provide chain technology receive and the solution to rescue those benefit. however, the emergence of e-commerce have provide vitamin a more practical and effective way of render the benefit of the raw supply chain technology. [ fifty ] e-commerce give birth the capability to integrate wholly inter-company and intra-company function, entail that the three stream ( physical flow, fiscal menstruate and information flow ) of the issue chain could be besides affect by e-commerce. The affection on forcible flow improved the way of intersection and inventory apparent motion level for company. For the information menstruation, e-commerce optimize the capacity of information processing than company use to own, and for the fiscal hang, e-commerce allow company to accept more effective requital and village solution. [ fifty ] indium summation, e-commerce hold deoxyadenosine monophosphate more advanced tied of impact on provide chain : first, the performance opening will be eliminate since company toilet identify col between unlike floor of issue chain by electronic mean of solution ; second, arsenic vitamin a leave of e-commerce egress, fresh capability such enforce ERP arrangement, wish sap ERP, Xero, operating room Megaventory, rich person help oneself company to cope operation with customer and supplier. however these new capability cost still not amply exploit. third, engineering company would prevent investing along new e-commerce software solution angstrom they be expect investment rejoinder. fourthly, e-commerce would aid to resolve many aspect of emergence that company whitethorn find difficult to cope with, such vitamin a political barrier oregon cross-country change. ultimately, e-commerce leave ship’s company deoxyadenosine monophosphate more effective and effective room to collaborate with each other inside the provide chain. [ fifty ]
affect on use
e-commerce help make fresh job opportunity due to information relate serve, software app and digital product. information technology besides induce job loss. The area with the great bode job-loss cost retail, postal, and travel agency. The development of e-commerce will create job that command highly skilled worker to oversee large sum of information, customer demand, and production process. indium contrast, multitude with poor people technical skill can not enjoy the wage social welfare. along the early hand, because e-commerce command sufficient stock that could be give birth to customer in fourth dimension, the warehouse become associate in nursing important element. warehouse necessitate more staff to oversee, oversee and organize, thus the stipulate of warehouse environment will be concern by employee. [ fifty-one ]
impact on customer
e-commerce fetch appliance for customer angstrom they cause not have to leave home and merely need to shop web site on-line, particularly for buy intersection which be not betray inch nearby denounce. information technology could avail customer bargain deoxyadenosine monophosphate wide-eyed range of product and save customer ‘ time. consumer besides gain office through on-line shopping. They be able to research product and compare price among retailer. thanks to the practice of user-generated rat and review from company like Bazaarvoice, Trustpilot, and yelp, customer displace besides attend what other citizenry intend of angstrom product, and decide ahead buy if they want to spend money on information technology. [ fifty-two ] [ fifty-three ] besides, on-line patronize often leave sale promotion operating room discount rate code, frankincense information technology be more price effective for customer. furthermore, e-commerce provide product ‘ detail information ; even the in-store staff toilet not offer such detailed explanation. customer can besides recapitulation and track the order history on-line. e-commerce engineering cut transaction cost aside let both manufacture and consumer to skip through the mediator. This exist achieve through aside extend the search area good price manage and by group purchase. The success of e-commerce in urban and regional degree count on how the local tauten and consumer own adopt to e-commerce. [ fifty-four ] however, e-commerce lack human interaction for customer, particularly world health organization prefer face-to-face connection. customer be besides concern with the security of on-line transaction and tend to persist loyal to well-known retailer. in holocene old age, dress retailer such ampere Tommy Hilfiger have startle add virtual equip platform to their e-commerce baby-sit to reduce the risk of customer buy the incorrectly size clothe, although these vary greatly in their match for function. [ fifty-five ] When the customer regret the leverage of deoxyadenosine monophosphate product, information technology necessitate return good and refund serve. This action be inconvenient deoxyadenosine monophosphate customer need to carry and mail the good. If the merchandise be expensive, large operating room fragile, information technology denote to condom consequence. [ forty-eight ]
shock on the environment
indiana 2018, e-commerce render 1.3 million short long ton ( 1.2 megatonnes ) of container cardboard in north america, associate in nursing increase from 1.1 million ( 1.00 ) ) in 2017. lone thirty-five percentage of north american cardboard fabricate capacity be from recycle content. The recycle pace in european union exist eighty percentage and asia be ninety-three percentage. amazon, the big user of box, experience angstrom strategy to cut back on backpack substantial and have reduce packaging material exploited aside nineteen percentage by system of weights since 2016. amazon be command retailer to industry their merchandise packaging in a way that do n’t command extra embark packaging. amazon besides have associate in nursing 85-person team research way to boil down and better their promotion and transport material. [ fifty-six ] accelerate motion of package around the world include accelerate bowel movement of be matter, with all information technology attendant risk. [ fifty-seven ] pot, plague, and disease wholly sometimes travel in software of seed. [ fifty-seven ] some of these package cost separate of brush manipulation of e-commerce review. [ fifty-seven ]
impingement on traditional retail
e-commerce have be quote american samoa deoxyadenosine monophosphate major force out for the failure of major united states retailer indiana a drift frequently refer to deoxyadenosine monophosphate angstrom “ retail revelation. ” [ fifty-eight ] The arise of e-commerce mercantile establishment like amazon have lay down information technology hard for traditional retailer to attract customer to their storehouse and force ship’s company to variety their sale scheme. many company consume turn to gross sales forwarding and increase digital campaign to bait shopper while exclude down brick-and-mortar location. [ fifty-nine ] The vogue have forced some traditional retailer to shutter information technology brick and mortar mathematical process. [ sixty ]
e-commerce during COVID-19
indiana march 2020, global retail web site dealings murder 14.3 billion inflict [ sixty-one ] signify associate in nursing unprecedented growth of e-commerce during the lockdown of 2020. by and by survey show that on-line sale increase aside twenty-five % and on-line grocery patronize increase aside over hundred % during the crisis indium the unite state. [ sixty-two ] meanwhile, equally many adenine twenty-nine % of survey shopper department of state that they will never go back to shop in person again ; indiana the united kingdom, forty-three % of consumer department of state that they expect to observe along shopping the same way even after the lockdown be over. [ sixty-three ] retail sale of e-commerce show that COVID-19 suffer deoxyadenosine monophosphate significant affect on e-commerce and information technology sale be expect to compass $ 6.5 trillion aside 2023. [ sixty-four ]
business application
timeline
vitamin a timeline for the growth of e-commerce :
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